1. Environmental Science Chapter 11
water

2. Chapter 11 Table of Contents Section 1 Water Resources
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Section 3 Water Pollution

3. Chapter 11 Key Questions Section 1 Water Resources
How are Earth’s water resources distributed?
Why is fresh water a limited resource?
What is the relationship between groundwater and surface water in a watershed? How is surface water distributed?

4. Chapter 11 Water Resources
Section 1 Water Resources
Water Resources
Water is essential to life on Earth. we can live for a month without food, but only a few days without water.
Two kinds of water found on Earth:
Fresh water, the water that people can drink, contains little salt.
Salt water, the water in oceans, contains a higher concentration of dissolved salts.
Most human uses for water require fresh water.

5. Water is a renewable resource
Chapter 11
Section 1 Water Resources
The Water Cycle
Water is a renewable resource

6. Global Water Distribution
Chapter 11
Section 1 Water Resources
Global Water Distribution
71% of Earth’s surface is covered in water

7. Only a small percentage of the water on Earth is liquid fresh water that humans can use
from lakes and rivers (surface water), and a relatively narrow zone beneath the Earth’s surface (groundwater).

8. Chapter 11
Section 1 Water Resources
Surface Water
Surface water - all the bodies of fresh water, salt water, ice, and snow, found above the ground.
distribution of surface water influences human societies
people build cities and farms near sources of water
most large cities depend on surface water for drinking, growing crops, food (fish, etc), power for industry, and transportation.

9. Chapter 11 Surface Water (cont)
Section 1 Water Resources
Surface Water (cont)
River system - a flowing network of rivers and streams that drain a river basin
Streams drain mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains. As streams flow downhill, they combine with other streams and form rivers.
The Amazon River system is the largest river system in the world. It drains an area of land that is nearly the size of Europe.

10. Chapter 11 Surface water (cont)
Section 1 Water Resources
Surface water (cont)
A watershed - area of land that is drained by a river system.
amount of water in a watershed varies seasonally

11. Chapter 11
Section 1 Water Resources
Watersheds

12. Chapter 11
Section 1 Water Resources
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water that is beneath the Earth’s surface
This is where most fresh water for human use exists
When it rains, much of the water percolates through the soil and down into the rocks beneath.
it reaches a level where rocks & soil are saturated with water. This level is known as the water table.
water table has peaks and valleys that match the shape of the land above; flows slowly from peaks to valleys

13. Chapter 11 Groundwater (cont)
Section 1 Water Resources
Groundwater (cont)
Aquifer - rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.
important water source for many cities.
water table forms the upper boundary
most aquifers consist of materials such as rock, sand, and gravel that have spaces where water can accumulate.
Groundwater can also dissolve rock formations, filling vast caves with water, creating underground lakes.

14. Chapter 11 Groundwater (cont)
Section 1 Water Resources
Groundwater (cont)
Porosity - percentage of total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces.
Water in an aquifer is stored in the pore spaces and flows form one pore space to another.
The more porous a rock is, the more water it can hold.

15. Chapter 11 Groundwater (cont)
Section 1 Water Resources
Groundwater (cont)
Permeability - ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through it.
Materials that allow the flow of water are permeable (gravel).
Materials that stop the flow of water are impermeable (clay or granite).

16. Chapter 11 Groundwater (cont)
Section 1 Water Resources
Groundwater (cont)
Recharge zone - area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer.
must travel down through permeable layers of soil and rock.
Structures (buildings, parking lots) can act as impermeable layers and reduce amount of water entering an aquifer.
Recharge zones are environmentally sensitive areas because any pollution in the recharge zone can also enter the aquifer.

17. A depleted aquifer can take tens of thousands of years to refill.
Chapter 11
Section 1 Water Resources
The Recharge Zone
A depleted aquifer can take tens of thousands of years to refill.

18. Chapter 11 Groundwater (cont)
Section 1 Water Resources
Groundwater (cont)
Wells - A hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater
may be a more reliable source of water than surface water
water is filtered and purified as it travels underground.
drilled to extend below the water table because height of the water table changes seasonally

19. Chapter 11 Key Questions Section 2 Water Use and Management
How is water treated so that it can be used for drinking?
How is water used in homes, in industry, and in agriculture.?
How are dams and water diversion projects used to manage freshwater resources?
What are ways that water can be conserved?

20. Water Use and Management
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Use and Management
A shortage of clean, fresh water is one of the world’s most pressing environmental problems.
According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people lack access to a clean, reliable source of fresh water.
When a water supply is polluted or overused, everyone living downstream can be affected.

21. Chapter 11 Global Water Use
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Global Water Use
Three major uses for water: residential use, agricultural use, and industrial use.

22. Chapter 11 Residential Water Use
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Residential Water Use
residential water use differs throughout the world. (ie - avg person in US uses 300 L of water a day; in India, avg person uses 41 L of water a day)

23. Chapter 11 Water Treatment
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Treatment
Most water must first be made potable (suitable for drinking).
Water treatment removes elements such as mercury, arsenic, and lead, which are poisonous to humans even in low concentrations.
found in polluted water, but can also occur naturally in groundwater.
Also removes pathogens (a virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease)

24. Drinking-Water Treatment
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Drinking-Water Treatment

25. Chapter 11 Industrial Water Use
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Industrial Water Use
Industry accounts for 19 percent of water used world-wide (to manufacture goods, dispose of wastes, and generate power).

26. Chapter 11 Industrial Water Use
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Industrial Water Use
Most industry water is used to cool power plants.
pumps water from a surface source (river, lake), carry water through pipes in a cooling tower, and then pump the water back into the source.
water that is returned is usually warmer than the source, but is generally clean and can be used again.

27. Agricultural Water Use
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Agricultural Water Use
Agriculture accounts for 67 percent of water used worldwide.

28. Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Irrigation
Irrigation - method of providing plants with water
irrigation techniques:
some crops are irrigated by shallow, water filled ditches.
high-pressured overhead sprinklers are most common in US. (this method inefficient - nearly half the water evaporates and never reaches the plant roots)
Drip irrigation gives water directly to roots

29. Water Management Projects
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Management Projects
Water management projects, include canals, dams, & reservoirs.
can have various goals
bringing in water to make a dry area habitable
creating a reservoir for drinking water
generating electric power
allowing people to live and grow crops in desert areas.

30. Chapter 11 Dams and Reservoirs
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Dams and Reservoirs
dam - structure built across a river to control a river’s flow.
reservoir - an artificial body of water that usually forms behind a dam. Water can be used for flood control, drinking water, irrigation, recreation, and industry.
Hydroelectric dams use the power of flowing water to generates electrical energy. (About 20% of the world electrical energy)

31. Dams and Reservoirs - consequences
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Dams and Reservoirs - consequences
when the land behind a dam is flooded, people are displaced, and ecosystems destroyed.
Fertile sediment builds up behind a dam instead of enriching the land down river, and farmland below may be less productive.
Dam failure can kill the people living along the river below

32. Chapter 11 Water Conservation
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Conservation
As water sources become depleted, water becomes more expensive.
wells must be dug deeper
water must be piped greater distances
polluted water must be cleaned up before it can be used.
Water Conservation helps ensure enough water at a reasonable price.

33. Water Conservation in Agriculture
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Conservation in Agriculture
Use technology to reduce loss from evaporation, seepage, and runoff (Drip irrigation systems)

34. Water Conservation in Industry
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Conservation in Industry
recycle cooling water and wastewater in industry Instead of discharging used water into a nearby river

35. Water Conservation at Home
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Conservation at Home
People can conserve water by changing a few habits and by using only the water that they need.
xeriscaping - designing a landscape that requires minimal water use.

36. Water Conservation at Home
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Water Conservation at Home

37. Solutions for the Future
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Solutions for the Future
In some places, conservation alone is not enough to prevent water shortages, and as populations grow, other sources of fresh water need to be developed.
Two possible solutions are:
Desalination
Transporting Fresh Water

38. Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Desalination
Desalination - the process of removing salt from ocean water.
Some countries have desalination plants to provide fresh water.
desalination consumes a lot of energy, and is too expensive for many nations

39. Chapter 11 Transporting Water
Section 2 Water Use and Management
Chapter 11
Transporting Water
In some areas of the world, water can be transported from other regions.
towing enormous plastic bags full of fresh water to islands.
icebergs are another potential freshwater source but an efficient way to tow icebergs is yet to be discovered.

40. Chapter 11 Key Questions Section 3 Water Pollution
What is the difference between point-source pollution and nonpoint-source pollution?
What are five types of water pollutants?
Why is groundwater pollution so difficult to clean?
What are the major sources of ocean pollution?
What is government’s role in improving/protecting water quality?

41. Chapter 11 Water Pollution
Section 3 Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water pollution - introduction of waste matter or chemicals harmful to organisms living in the water or to those that drink or are exposed to the water.
two main causes of water pollution are
industrialization (mostly developed countries – working to clean it up)
rapid human population growth (mostly developing countries – sewage & livestock waste spreading disease)

42. Chapter 11 Water Pollution
Section 3 Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water pollution comes from two types of sources: point and nonpoint sources.
Point-source pollution is pollution that comes from a specific site
easy to trace but sometimes difficult to enforce
Non-point source pollution is pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single specific site
difficult to trace and clean-up depends mostly on public awareness and education

43. Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution

44. Principal Water Pollutants
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Principal Water Pollutants

45. Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Wastewater
Wastewater is water that contains wastes from homes or industry.
Flows through pipes to wastewater treatment plant
water is filtered and treated to make the water clean enough to return to a river or lake.

46. Chapter 11 Treating Wastewater
Section 3 Water Pollution
Treating Wastewater
biodegradable material that can be broken down by living organisms.
some wastewater and storm-water runoff contains toxic substances that cannot be removed by the standard treatment.
sewage sludge – a product of wastewater treatment, the solid material that remains after treatment

47. Wastewater Treatment Process
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Wastewater Treatment Process

48. Artificial Eutrophication
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Artificial Eutrophication
Eutrophication – natural process that occurs when organic matter builds up in a body of water, and begins to decay and decompose.
process of decomposition uses up oxygen, and as oxygen levels decrease, the types of organisms that live in the water change over time.
Artificial eutrophication - increases the amount of nutrients in a body of water through human activities
major causes are fertilizer run-off and phosphates in detergents
(see algae bloom pg 128)

49. Chapter 11 Thermal Pollution
Section 3 Water Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Thermal pollution - temperature increase in a body of water caused by human activity
has harmful effect on water quality (too warm for organisms to survive)
and the ability of that water to support life (warm water can not hold as much oxygen)
Constant flow of warm water may cause the total disruption of an aquatic ecosystem

50. Groundwater Pollution
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Groundwater Pollution
Pollutants enter groundwater when polluted surface water percolates down from surface.
Pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizer, and petroleum products are common groundwater pollutants.
sources of pollution include septic tanks, unlined landfills, leaking underground storage tanks, and industrial wastewater lagoons.

51. Groundwater Pollution
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Groundwater Pollution

52. Cleaning Up Groundwater Pollution
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Cleaning Up Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater pollution is one of the most challenging environmental problems in the world.
process for some aquifers to recycle water and purge contaminants can take hundreds of years
pollution can cling to materials in the aquifer, so even if all of the water were pumped out and replaced, the groundwater could still become polluted.

53. Chapter 11 Ocean Pollution Pollutants can enter the ocean by
Section 3 Water Pollution
Ocean Pollution
Pollutants can enter the ocean by
direct dumping,
activities on land, near the coasts (85%)
accidental oil spills (only about 5 percent of oil pollution in the oceans)
Most of the oil that pollutes the oceans comes from cities and towns (nonpoint-source pollution)
Sensitive coastal ecosystems, such as coral reefs, are the most effected by pollution.

54. Water Pollution and Ecosystems
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Water Pollution and Ecosystems
Biomagnification is the build-up of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain.
Worse for organisms at the top of the food chain,
one reason why U.S. limits amount of fish people can eat from certain bodies of water.

55. Water Pollution and Ecosystems
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Water Pollution and Ecosystems

56. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Cleaning Up Water Pollution
The Clean Water Act of 1972 was to designed to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters.”
goal was to make all surface water clean enough for fishing and swimming by 1983
Not achieved but percentage of lakes that are fit for swimming has increased by 30 percent
More regulation followed; many states even stricter

57. Cleaning Up Water Pollution
Chapter 11
Section 3 Water Pollution
Cleaning Up Water Pollution

58. Chapter 11 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Why are the oceans important to the water cycle?
A. Oceans contain saltwater.
B. The four major oceans are all joined.
C. Most of Earth’s water is contained in the oceans.
D. Oceans cover more of Earth’s surface area.

59. Chapter 11 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Why are the oceans important to the water cycle?
A. Oceans contain saltwater.
B. The four major oceans are all joined.
C. Most of Earth’s water is contained in the oceans.
D. Oceans cover more of Earth’s surface area.

60. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where do we find most of the water that is available for human use?
F. groundwater
G. the ocean
H. polar ice caps
I. rivers and streams

61. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Where do we find most of the water that is available for human use?
F. groundwater
G. the ocean
H. polar ice caps
I. rivers and streams

62. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following is an example of a nonpoint-source of pollution?
A. chemical factory
B. livestock feedlot
C. oil spill
D. wastewater treatment plant

63. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following is an example of a nonpoint-source of pollution?
A. chemical factory
B. livestock feedlot
C. oil spill
D. wastewater treatment plant

64. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. How does heat act as a water pollutant?
F. It slows down the flow of water.
G. It speeds up chemical reactions.
H. It increases the nutrients in the water.
I. It decreases oxygen in the water.

65. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. How does heat act as a water pollutant?
F. It slows down the flow of water.
G. It speeds up chemical reactions.
H. It increases the nutrients in the water.
I. It decreases oxygen in the water.

66. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use this map to answer questions 5 through 7.

67. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What can be inferred about the human population of Canada?
A. Most people live in the southeast part of Canada.
B. The greatest number of people live along the west coast.
C. The Hudson Bay area is the most populous part of Canada.
D. More people live around the Great Lakes than along the Saskatchewan River.

68. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What can be inferred about the human population of Canada?
A. Most people live in the southeast part of Canada.
B. The greatest number of people live along the west coast.
C. The Hudson Bay area is the most populous part of Canada.
D. More people live around the Great Lakes than along the Saskatchewan River.

69. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following is the northernmost source of freshwater?
F. Baffin Bay
G. Great Bear Lake
H. Hudson Strait
I. MacKenzie River

70. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. Which of the following is the northernmost source of freshwater?
F. Baffin Bay
G. Great Bear Lake
H. Hudson Strait
I. MacKenzie River

71. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. What is the relationship between cities and water resources?
A. Cities are always located near rivers.
B. Cities are always located near lakes.
C. Cities are never located near salt water.
D. Cities are usually located near water resources.

72. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 11
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. What is the relationship between cities and water resources?
A. Cities are always located near rivers.
B. Cities are always located near lakes.
C. Cities are never located near salt water.
D. Cities are usually located near water resources.