1. Cell Energy and Enzymes Cell Metabolism Metabolism Metabolism The ________________occurring within a living cell The ________________occurring within a living cell Necessary for maintaining life Necessary for maintaining life Uses_______________ Uses_______________ Break down or build material the cell needs Break down or build material the cell needs chemical processes enzymes

2. Cell Metabolism Enzymes Enzymes Are _____________ Are _____________ Required for every chemical reaction in an organism Required for every chemical reaction in an organism Without, would not be able to maintain _______________ Without, would not be able to maintain _______________ They do not make the reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much _________ They do not make the reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own; they simply make the reaction occur much _________ proteins homeostasis faster

4. Cell Metabolism Function of Enzymes Function of Enzymes Serve as ____________ Serve as ____________ Work by lowering the ________________ energy required to get the reaction started Work by lowering the ________________ energy required to get the reaction started catalysts activation energy-

5. Cell Metabolism Characteristics of Enzymes Characteristics of Enzymes Work best in a narrow _______________ range Work best in a narrow _______________ range They are not changed or used up in the reaction; can be __________________ again They are not changed or used up in the reaction; can be __________________ again They are substrate-specific; Because of their shape They are substrate-specific; Because of their shape Substrate- is what the __________________ Substrate- is what the __________________ Substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme; where they meet is the ______________ Substrate fits into a portion of the enzyme; where they meet is the ______________ pH & temperature used over & over enzyme binds to active site

6. Cell Energy Energy is the _________________ Energy is the _________________ We & other organism obtain energy from food; called ________________ We & other organism obtain energy from food; called ________________ Plants & other organism obtain energy from the sun; called ______________ Plants & other organism obtain energy from the sun; called ______________ Process called ________________, ______________________ Process called ________________, ______________________ The equation for photosynthesis: The equation for photosynthesis: ____+ _____ + ______ → _________+____ ability to do work heterotrophs autotrophs photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts CO2H2O energy C6 H12 O6 O2

7. Cell Energy A. Chemical Energy Stored in chemical Stored in chemical _________energy _________energy When bonds are broken; converted to _______________ in the form of ______ When bonds are broken; converted to _______________ in the form of ______ Food molecules ________________ directly Food molecules ________________ directly The amount of energy released would be _________ and ________ The amount of energy released would be _________ and ________ bonds Potential useable energy ATP cannot be used wastefuldestructive

8. Cell Energy B. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate ___________ composed of: ___________ composed of: _________ base- adenine _________ base- adenine ________ sugar- ribose ________ sugar- ribose groups ___ phosphate groups Nucleotide Nitrogen 5-carbon 3

9. Cell Energy Energy is stored in ______________________ Energy is stored in ______________________ __________. __________. ATP works like a rechargeable battery. ATP works like a rechargeable battery. Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by breaking off or adding a ___________ group breaking off or adding a ___________ group Energy ____________ when phosphate bond is broken & ATP is converted to ADP- adenosine diphosphate Energy ____________ when phosphate bond is broken & ATP is converted to ADP- adenosine diphosphate ADP is like an “___________” battery ADP is like an “___________” battery Energy ___________when phosphate bond is added to ADP making ATP Energy ___________when phosphate bond is added to ADP making ATP ATP is “_____________” like a fully charged rechargeable battery ATP is “_____________” like a fully charged rechargeable battery phosphate – phosphate bonds phosphate released uncharged stored recharged

10. Cell Energy C. Cellular Respiration ___________ Energy Production Cellular respiration Cellular respiration Breakdown of _______ in presence of _______ Breakdown of _______ in presence of _______ To make ________ To make ________ Occurs in _________ of ___________ cells Occurs in _________ of ___________ cells Equation for cellular respiration Equation for cellular respiration _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Aerobic glucoseoxygen ATP mitochondria eukaryotic C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O + energy (ATP)

11. Cellular Respiration 2 2 34 +

12. Cell Energy Steps in making ATP Steps in making ATP 1. Glycolysis ____molecule of ________is broken in half ____molecule of ________is broken in half pyruvic acid is formed (________ molecule) pyruvic acid is formed (________ molecule) occurs in the___________ occurs in the___________ produces ___ ATP’s produces ___ ATP’s Pyruvic acid enters ______________ for next step in CR Pyruvic acid enters ______________ for next step in CR one glucose 3 carbon cytoplasm 2 mitochondria

13. Cell Energy 2. Krebs Cycle 2. Krebs Cycle Pyruvic acid is broken down in a series of reactions into __________ Pyruvic acid is broken down in a series of reactions into __________ ____________ formed as waste product ____________ formed as waste product Produces ___ ATP’s Produces ___ ATP’s citric acid Carbon dioxide 2

14. Cell Energy 3. Electron Transport Chain ____________electrons from the Krebs Cycle are converted to ATP ____________electrons from the Krebs Cycle are converted to ATP ___________ must be present at the end of chain to accept electron ___________ must be present at the end of chain to accept electron Forms _________ Forms _________ If oxygen is not present ETC______ ; Krebs ______ Produces on average 34 ATPs If oxygen is not present ETC______ ; Krebs ______ Produces on average 34 ATPs TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION = ________ __________________________ High energy Oxygen water stops stops 36 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

15. Electron Transport Chain

16. Cell Energy D. Fermentation - ________ Energy Production Occurs if _________________ available Occurs if _________________ available __________ still takes place __________ still takes place ___ ATP’s are made for one glucose ___ ATP’s are made for one glucoseAnaerobic oxygen is not Glycolysis 2

17. Cell Energy 2 types of Fermentation 2 types of Fermentation 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation: Human _________ Cells Human _________ Cells Occurs when muscles run out of __________ Occurs when muscles run out of __________ Muscle switches to fermentation Muscle switches to fermentation Lactic acid builds up; causes _____________ Lactic acid builds up; causes ______________________ Will switch back to CR when _________ is re- supplied Will switch back to CR when _________ is re- supplied Lactic acid is sent to ______ to be broken down Lactic acid is sent to ______ to be broken down Bacteria Bacteria some bacteria some bacteria during __________ conditions during __________ conditions Utilized by dairy industry to produce _________ Utilized by dairy industry to produce _________ __________ __________ Muscle oxygen pain, soreness & fatigue oxygen liver anaerobic yogurt & cheese

18. Cell Energy 2. Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in ________ during ___________ conditions Occurs in ________ during ___________ conditions Important in ___________________ industries Important in ___________________ industries **TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION = _________________________________** Yeast anaerobic brewing & baking 2 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE