1. Women and Native Americans Fight for Change The Main Idea In the 1960s women and Native Americans struggled to achieve social justice. Reading Focus What led to the revival of the women’s movement? Which issues were important to the women’s liberation movement? What were the lives of Native Americans like by the early 1960s? How did Native Americans fight for fairness?

2. The Woman’s Liberation Movement The movement for women’s rights had many different names: the women’s liberation movement, the feminist movement, and the equal rights movement. Organized group discussions for women in the late 1960s led some women to recognize the discrimination they experienced as part of a larger pattern of discrimination based on gender. Core belief of the woman’s liberation movement was feminism—the conviction that women and men should be socially, politically, and economically equal. The woman’s movement reemerged in the late 1960s because women began to question why they were still considered unequal to men

3. NOW The National Organization for Women (NOW) Fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and the justice system To obtain its goals, NOW Lobbied government ERA The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Promised equal treatment for men and women in all spheres, not just employment Some saw the ERA as a threat to family life The Women’s Liberation Movement Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case that gave women the right to have an abortion Securing abortion rights sparked a debate that continues to this day.

4. Effects of the Women’s Movement The number of women holding professional jobs increased. More women moved into senior positions in the government. –More female politicians were elected to Congress. The feminist movement slowed its pace in the late 1970s. –There was a perception that it only benefited wealthy white women.

5. Living Conditions Did not share in the prosperity of the 1950s Average income was less than half that of white American men Suffered disproportiona tely from poor health Termination Policy Plan to draw Native Americans out of the isolated reservations and into mainstream society Method used was to stop federal services to reservations and relocate Native Americans to cities Native Americans in the Early 1960s A Movement Native Americans condemned termination because it did nothing to help Native Americans adjust to mainstream society Drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose Marked the beginning of the Red Power movement

6. Native Americans Fight for Fairness President Johnson established the National Council on Indian Opportunity to get Native Americans more involved in setting policy regarding Indian affairs. Real change, however, came from the efforts of Native American political activists. Congress passed laws that enhanced education, health care, voting rights, and religious freedom for Native Americans.

7. Native Americans Fight for Fairness Occupation of Alcatraz A group of Native Americans tried to reclaim Alcatraz Island. Claimed that the Treaty of Fort Laramie gave them the right to use any surplus federal territory The occupation lasted for 18 months, until federal marshals removed the group by force. Partly as a result, New Mexico returned 48,000 acres of land to the Taos Pueblo in 1970. The successful occupation of Alcatraz led to the founding of the American Indian Movement AIM The American Indian Movement was founded in Minnesota in 1968 Became the major force behind the Red Power movement Goals of Aim were a renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence, and better education for Native Americans During “The Trail of Broken Treaties” protestors took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs

8. Accessing the Progress of the Fight for Fairness Congress passed a number of laws in the 1970s to enhance education, health care, voting rights, and religious freedom for Native Americans. The Red Power movement succeeded in instilling a sense of pride in Native Americans around the nation Despite these accomplishments, Native Americans continued to face many problems. Unemployment remained high and the high school dropout rate among Native Americans was the highest in the nation.

9. Women's Liberation Movement Draw the chart, fill in the effects CausesEffects Discrimination in the workplace, school, justice system, acts of violence against women National Organization of Women Formed Abortion Rights

10. Women's Liberation Movement Draw the chart, fill in the effects Causes Effects Discrimination in the workplace, school, justice system, acts of violence against women National Organization of Women Formed Nonviolent acts of civil disobedience Lawsuits filed Government officials lobbied Equal Rights Amendment Abortion Rights Roe v. Wade