1. KBauer IFST 689 Students in American Higher Education Karen Bauer IFST 689

2. KBauer IFST 689 Students of 21 st Century Different from all previous generations of American college students Demographically Needs Attitudes Behaviors

3. KBauer IFST 689 Enrollment in Higher Education 1900-2010 projected 190019101920193019501940201019601970198019902000 Millions 2 4 6 10 8 12 14 16 Estimate           

4. KBauer IFST 689 Proportion of 18-21 year olds enrolled in college out of 100 individuals Based on ACE (1997) & Flint (1997) Center for the Study of Higher Education Dr. A. F. Cabrera

5. KBauer IFST 689 Percent of Women enrolled Source: 1998 Chronicle of Higher Education’s Almanac Issue Center for the Study of Higher Education Dr. A. F. Cabrera

6. College Participation Rates 18-24 year Old High School Graduates Source of data: Carter D.J., & Wilson, R. (1997). Minorities in Higher Education: 1996-97 15th Annual Status Report. Washington, DC.: American Council on Education. Center for the Study of Higher Education Dr. A. F. Cabrera

7. KBauer IFST 689 PROJECTED PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN NUMBER OF HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES 1996-97 to 2006-07 40% and above 20% to 39% 1% to 19% Decrease to 0% +29% +17% +51% -12% +5% -18% -6% +79 +42 -19% -7% +1% +12% +20% +16% +15% +10% +25% +14% -5% +7% +4% -2% +13% +3% +17% +3% -2% -17% +35% +24% +9% +30% +57% -16% -4% +3% +14% +16% +15% +10% +17% +39% +29% +27% +21% +17% +33% +36% +19%

8. KBauer IFST 689 College-Age Populations (18-24 years and 25- 29 years) with projections:1983-2008 millions 50 20 30 40 10 0 198319881993199820032008 year Source: NCES 25-29 year old population 18-24 year old population

9. KBauer IFST 689 19 23 21 23 15 18 20 19 27 22 20 23 18 17 19 21 18 20 22 17 18 13 16 18 191615 16 17 18 21 16 14 17 12 25 18 23 24 27 21 27 25 27 21 33 Percentage of Adults with a Bachelor's Degree or Higher 1990 17 23 + 18 to 22 0 to 17 20

10. KBauer IFST 689 Average Tuition and Fees at 4-Year Public, Private Campuses $0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 Four-Year PublicFour-Year Private 1991 1999 Percent Increase Four Year Public: 52%Four Year Private: 45% $2,137 $3,243 $10,017 $14,508

11. KBauer IFST 689 Average Tuition and Fees For In-State Undergraduates at 4 Year Public Colleges & Universities, Fall 1999 $2,568 $3,243 $3,339 $3,957 $4,134 $4,453 $4,939 $5,008 $5,398 $5,489 $6,072 $6,436 $6,939 $8,044 $0 $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000 U West Virginia National Average CUNY Plattsburgh Ohio State SUNY - Albany U Maryland U Delaware U Conn U Mass Amherst Rutgers College Penn State U New Hampshire U Vermont

12. KBauer IFST 689 Median Family Income by Educational Attainment of Householder 1956 to 1996 19561966197619861996 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000                           Eighth Grade 1-3 Years High School Median Family Income in Constant 1966 Dollars High School Bachelor’s Degree 1-3 Years College 5+ Years College Cabrera -

13. December 1999 unemployment rates of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational level (seasonally adjusted) % Source:Terenzini, Cabrera & Bernal (2000). Swimming against the tide. Overall = 4.1 Dr. Alberto F. Cabrera UNEMPLOYMENT RATE -- USA

14. KBauer IFST 689 Rates of Return for University Level Education, above a high school equivalent (1995 Report) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 France Australia Canada United States Belgium Denmark Men Women 20 28 14 21 14 21 11 12 14 88 7

15. KBauer IFST 689 Spady: Student Access - Experience - Performance (1970, 1971) Astin: Input - Environment - Output (1970) Astin/Pace: Theory of Involvement (1985) Pascarella: Model for Assessing Student Change (1985) Weidman: Model for Undergraduate Socialization (1989) College Impact Models

16. KBauer IFST 689 Astin’s I - E - O Model Environment Inputs Outputs B A C

17. KBauer IFST 689 Spady’s (1971) Empirical Model of the Undergraduate Dropout Process Family Background Normative Congruence Academic Potential Grade Performance Intellectual Development Social Integration Satisfaction Dropout Decision Institutional Commitment Structural Relations Friendship Support Significant independent effects for: Both sexes Women only Men only

18. KBauer IFST 689 Pascarella’s (1985) General Causal Model Structural/ Organizational Characteristics Of Institutions e.g. äEnrollment äFac-Stu Ratio äSelectivity ä% Residential Interactions With Agents Of Socialization e.g. äFaculty äPeers Learning and Cognitive Development Quality of Student Effort Institutional Environment Student Background/ Pre-college Traits e.g. äAptitude äAchievement äPersonality äAspiration äEthnicity

19. KBauer IFST 689 Metzner and Bean’s (1987) Conceptual Model of Nontraditional Student Attrition Background And Defining Variables Age Hours Enrolled Educational Goals High School Performance Ethnicity Gender Academic Variables Study Hours Study Skills Academic Advising Absenteeism Major & Job Certainty Social Integration Variables Memberships Faculty Contact School Friends Environmental Variables Finances Hours of Employment Outside Encouragement Family Responsibilities Opportunity to transfer Psychological Outcomes Utility Satisfaction Goal Commitment Stress Academic Outcome GPA Intent to leave Dropout Key:Direct Effects Direct Effects presumed to be most important Possible Effects

20. KBauer IFST 689 Tinto’s (1993) Longitudinal Model of Institutional Departure Outcome Pre-entry Attributes Goals/CommitmentsInstitutional Experiences Integration Goals/Commitments Family Background Skills and Abilities Prior Schooling External Commitments Intentions Goals and Institutional Commitments External Commitments Intentions Goals and Institutional Commitments Academic Performance Faculty/Staff Interactions Formal Informal Academic System Social System Extracurricular Activities Peer Group Interactions Formal Informal Departure Decision Academic Integration Social Integration Time

21. KBauer IFST 689 The Role of Finances in the Persistence Process (Cabrera, Nora, and Castaneda (1992) Pre-college Academic Performance Social Integration Academic & Intellectual Development Institutional Commitment Goal Commitment Persistence Decisions GPA Intent to Persist Financial Attitudes Financial Aid Significant Others Encouragement

22. KBauer IFST 689 Coursework & Curricular Patterns Student Pre-college Traits Out-of-Class Experiences Classroom Experiences Learning Outcomes Institutional Context ---- Reciprocal effects The Student Learning Model Source: Terenzini, et al., 1995

23. KBauer IFST 689 many theoretical views to guide our actions Which one(s) do you use to guide your thinking?