2. “If you woke up one morning and found that somebody had come to your house, and had declared that the house belonged to him, you would naturally be surprised, and you would like to know by what arrangement”
Jomo Kenyatta~Kenya

3. Africa in Transition
Chapter 5

5. African Nationalism
After a century of European Imperialism Africans began fighting for their freedom
Rival groups, within the political boundaries drawn by Europeans, had to unite for Nationalism to succeed
A Pan-African Movement began

6. “Africa for Africans” Pan African Movement
Began early 1900’s
“Africa for Africans”
African American leaders supported the movement

7. Pan African Movement
Leopold Sedar Senghor – European educated African; President of Senegal
Negritude – a movement to encourage Africans to value their heritage
It was a response to Imperialism and westernization

8. New Nations
After WWII independence movements gained strength in Africa and Asia
The two superpowers, USSR & USA condemned colonial efforts and supported some nationalist movements
Only 4 free countries existed in 1950: Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, South Africa

9. Independence
Most African nations gained independence around or right after 1960
African nations fought many wars to win freedom
Even with independence Africans did not gain freedoms; white settlers opposed giving rights to blacks

10. Effects of Independence
Africans wanted modern technology and had high expectations
Africans lacked strong democratic leaders, most leaders still had strong tribal ties
Ethnic violence erupted because of arbitrary political boundaries

11. Homework
Page 111
3-6

12. Homework Check #3 Boycott – a refusal to buy goods or services
Guerrilla warfare – small bands of fighters stage hit-and-run attacks against a larger power

13. Homework Check
#4 – To create a sense of unity among diverse groups in order to win independence from colonial powers
#5 – World War II weakened the colonial empires & the Soviet Union and the United States condemned imperialism

14. Homework Check
#6 – Colonial rule created a desire for modern technology and a European standard of living
Europeans carved up Africa with no regard for traditional boundaries, which increased tensions among rival groups
Positives include a modern transportation, communication network, modern education, and improved agricultural methods

15. Homework
Draw a political cartoon about the political unrest in Africa at the time of independence

18. Nationalism and the Development of Nations

19. Leadership Chart Leader Country Achievements/Beliefs/Education
Kwame Nkurmah
Ghana
Jomo Kenyatta
Kenya
Julius Nyerere
Tanzania
Patrice Lumumba
Congo
Gen. Mobutu

20. Kwame Nkrumah
Born in Ghana; received western education (Lincoln, U Penn)
Fought for independence and against colonialism/imperialism
Founded and became the first president of Ghana

21. Jomo Kenyatta The founding father of the Kenyan nation
1st PM & President of Kenya
Received western education and was a Christian
Initial leader of the Pan-African movement, along with Nkrumah
Spent time in jail for Mau Mau Rebellion

22. Jomo Kenyatta http://www.africaspeaks.com/kenya/20082006.html
"When the Missionaries arrived, the Africans had the Land and the Missionaries had the Bible. They taught how to pray with our eyes closed. When we opened them, they had the land and we had the Bible".

23. Julius Nyerere Founding father and first president of Tanzania
Western educated; trained as an educator
Introduced socialist economy, community sharing, b/c it resembled traditional beliefs

24. Patrice Lumumba 1st Prime Minister of Dem. Rep. of the Congo
Removed from power after ten weeks
Assassinated

25. General Mobutu Seized power from Lumumba in the Congo
President for 32 years
Ruled by fear
Overthrown in 1997

26. Atlantic Charter A vision for the world, Post WWII
Created by Churchill & Roosevelt, 1941
One provision stated
African colonies would gain autonomy (self-rule) after the war
It led to independence movements

27. Steps towards development
Africans looked towards a bright future at the time of their independence
Stumbling blocks have made progress slow, yet nations remain determined
“While the United States is trying to reach the moon, Tanzania is trying to reach its Villages” ~Julius Nyerere

28. Obstacles

30. Government
Nations struggled to unify because village and family ties created stronger bonds
Economic differences created hurdles as well
Good farms vs. poor farms
Rich in resources vs. poor in resources
Differences created: Civil war, One-party rule, military rule

31. Civil Wars Independence from Belgium in 1960
Congo
Independence from Belgium in 1960
More than 100 ethnic groups all with different economic and political interests
Rwanda – 800,000 dead, ethnic massacres
Ethiopia & Somalia – war led to famine

32. One Party Rule One political party would create national unity
One party reflected tribal leadership
Many ideas discussed and solved as one
Choices within the one party
Jules Nyerere created One Party rule in Tanzania

33. Military Rule
Military leaders tried to eliminate corrupt leaders or calm unruly citizens
People welcomed military rule, although it was sometimes harsh, because it brought stability and improved daily live

34. Government and Progress
The independent nations who had stable governments improved economically
Countries burdened by war struggle to improve economically
A democratic trend began in Africa in the 1980s

35. Economic Systems
Economic Systems implemented in Africa varied as much as the governments
Socialist Economies – gov’t owns business
Mixed Economies – private and gov’t owned business

36. Socialist Systems
Created reliance on government for basic needs, food, home, & healthcare
Socialism was supposed to end special privileges
Corruption became rampant
European markets controlled success of African Industry

37. Mixed Economies
Goal is to create self sufficient economy & reduce dependence on world markets/foreign imports
Multinational corporations have invested in mining and agricultural enterprises
Problem: Most money flows back to home nation; not to Africa
Continued Reliance on Foreign States

38. Economic Choices and Challenges
In pairs, two, 2 Create a political cartoon
Depicting the relationship b/w low food prices, city workers, & farmers
Depicting the relationship b/w oil production, debt, & borrowing
Depicting the relationship b/w poor farming techniques, drought, & civil war

39. The Population Explosion
“Each extra mouth comes with two extra hands” ~ West African Saying
Large families have always been encouraged because of agricultural lifestyle
Problems with large population
Young population need education, home, clothes, healthcare
Older population need jobs, homes, healthcare
People cram into cities; farmland is poor/scarce

40. Changing Patterns of Life

41. The Growth of Cities
Industry and the Population explosion have been the greatest contributors to rapid urbanization
Examples of extreme urbanization
Cairo: 1960 – 3.7 mil 1995 – 11 mil
Dakar: 1990 – 1 mil 2000 – 5 mill
Nairobi: 1990 – 2 mil 2000 – 5 mil

42. Causes of urban migration
Rural Poverty
From Drought, low food prices, war
Hope for Better Life
Jobs, housing, education, healthcare
Greater activities: markets, discos, sports

43. Problems assoc. w/ rapid urbanization
No jobs
No real homes
People see the ideal life on TV/billboards and cannot reach it

44. Effects of Urbanization
Rise of Elite African class; a change from Elite European class from Imperialism
Elite separated by educational level, wealth, and power
Change to nuclear family living
Tribal and clan kinship deteriorates
Change in family customs
Reduction of arranged marriages

45. Effects of Urbanization
Westernization
Africans want the technology
Traditional African life values community; western life values the individual
It creates a conflict b/w generations
Religion
Northern Africa – Islamic, reject westernization
Sub-Saharan Africa – Christian/Traditional Mix

46. Rural Life - Farming
Farming life has not changed much for those not migrating to the city
Farmers use traditional tools and methods
Farmers cannot afford modern tools or technology to upgrade their farms
Not improving technology means farmers cannot increase output; farmers remain poor

47. Rural Life - Herding
Farmers connect with traditional belief that herd size equals wealth
Farmers refuse to sell animals for cash b/c of this belief
Fishing output increases when motorboats and refrigeration are used

48. Women’s Lives Women produce goods in rural areas
Most lives have changed minimally
Women produce goods in rural areas
10-15 hour work day: feed children, weed the fields, chase animals that raid crops, collect wood for fuel, raise food, help husband grow cash crops, get water

49. Women’s Lives Changes to life Women can own and inherit property
Polygamy has been outlawed (Cote d’Ivoire)
Increased focus on education & job training
Creation of Political groups to improve lives

50. Education
Governments realize education is necessary to develop future leaders
Education used to build national pride/unity
Schools have been built to increase literacy rates
The number of universities has grown from 6, in 1960, to 100+, in 2000

51. Education – Literacy Rates
Def. – Over 15 can read and write
Cameroon – 79%, M 85%, W 73%
Rwanda – 70%, M 76%, W 65%
Nigeria – 68%, M 76%, W 60%
Kenya – 85%, M 91%, 80%
The Gambia – 40%, M 48%, W 33%
Egypt – 57%, M 68%, W 47%
Liberia – 56%, M 73%, W 42%
www.

52. Education - Problems School funding often gets cut by the government
High dropout rates
Few upper level classes
Poor teacher : student ratio

53. Education - Future
15 nations currently use computers and the Internet to expand learning
Students can connect with professors around the world
More nations need to increase technology to improve education

54. Test Review
Why do people migrate from farms to cities? Describe the problems associated with the rapid development of cities?
How has the population explosion hindered economic development?
Explain the cyclical dilemma African farmers face concerning increased production, technology, and debt.
Explain the developments in women’s lives after Independence.
What role does/has education play in the development of African nations?
How has European influence changed African governments? Explain the benefits and drawbacks for Africa.
How has European influence changed African economies? Explain the benefits and drawbacks for Africa.
Explain sources of instability for African Governments? Why can stable governments better serve their people?
Explain two instances of international influence on the development of Africa? What were they? What did they do?

55. Homework
Page 115 – Map Questions
1, 2, 3