1. CONFIDENTIAL1 HST I 2009 - 2010

2. CONFIDENTIAL2 Structure and Function Primary function of the endocrine system –To produce hormones that monitor and coordinate body activities Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream Two classes of hormones: –Nonsteroid –Steroid

3. CONFIDENTIAL3 Structure and Function (Continued) Three categories of hormones: –Tropic hormones Target other endocrine structures to increase growth and secretions –Sex hormones Influence reproductive changes –Anabolic hormones Stimulate the process of building tissues

4. CONFIDENTIAL4 Figure 18-1 The Endocrine System

5. CONFIDENTIAL5 Glands and Their Hormones Hypothalamus –Structure located above the pituitary gland –Translates nervous system impulses into endocrine system messages Pituitary gland (master gland) –Produces the hormones that regulate the secretion of other glands Pineal body –Produces the hormone melatonin –Pea-shaped located in the brain

6. CONFIDENTIAL6 Glands and Their Hormones (Continued) Thymus –Produces the hormone thymosin that stimulates the lymphoid organs to produce T-lymphocytes or antibodies in newborns and young children Thyroid –Produces hormones that regulate body metabolism –Butterfly shaped

7. CONFIDENTIAL7 Glands and Their Hormones (Continued) Parathyroid –Four tiny glands attached in the back of thyroid gland –Secretes parathyroid hormone, which affects the amount of calcium in the blood Pancreas –Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon Insulin regulates transportation of sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids into the cells. Adrenal glands –Produce about 30 hormones

8. CONFIDENTIAL8 Glands and Their Hormones (Continued) Gonads –The primary sex glands Female: ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone Male: testes produce hormone testosterone Prostaglandins –Known to decrease blood pressure, cause fever, increase hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach, increase uterine contraction during pregnancy, and influence intestinal peristalsis

9. CONFIDENTIAL9 Hormonal Changes of Puberty Adrenal gland secretes the hormones that begin the development of secondary sexual characteristics In a man, the voice deepens and facial hair begins to grow In a woman, the breasts enlarge and fatty tissue is deposited around the hips In both men and women height and weight increase

10. CONFIDENTIAL10 Hormonal Changes of Pregnancy The placenta, or interfacing organ between the fetal and maternal circulation, produces a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Increased estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries are maintained until the placenta begins to produce these hormones Progesterone increases the mobility of the pelvic and lower back bones to allow the birthing process The pituitary and thyroid glands increase in size, resulting in a higher metabolic rate

11. CONFIDENTIAL11 Disorders of the Endocrine System Acromegaly –An enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and jaws Addison's disease –Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland Cretinism –Condition resulting from a congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion or hypothyroidism

12. CONFIDENTIAL12 Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued) Cushing ’ s syndrome –Disorder that causes hyperactivity of the adrenal glands, which is triggered by the oversecretion of the pituitary hormone ACTH Diabetes insipidus –From an acquired or inherited decrease in the antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary Diabetes mellitus –A disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas

13. CONFIDENTIAL13 Table 18-2 Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

14. CONFIDENTIAL14 Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued) Dwarfism –Results from hyposecretion of the growth hormone of the pituitary gland, which has been caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors, or trauma Gigantism –An excessive growth of the long bones caused by hypersecretion of the somatotropic hormone Graves ’ disease –Caused by hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis

15. CONFIDENTIAL15 Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued) Hyperparathyroidism –Causes hypercalcemia, an increased calcium blood level Hypoglycemia –Results from increased insulin production by the pancreas Hypoparathyroidism –A decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone that causes tetany

16. CONFIDENTIAL16 Disorders of the Endocrine System (Continued ) Hypothyroidism –Also called Hashimoto's disease, results from an insufficient production of thyroxine Goiter - an enlargement of the thyroid gland Virilism –Results from increased secretion in the adrenal glands

17. CONFIDENTIAL17 Issues and Innovations Steroid abuse –Causes problems for men such as stunted growth, liver tumors, and decreased sperm production –Causes problems for women such as loss of menstrual cycle and baldness

18. CONFIDENTIAL18 Careers Endocrinologist Nuclear Medicine Technologist

19. CONFIDENTIAL19 Medical Terms Root word: aden(o) – denoting the glands Adenitis inflammation Adenoblast immature or embryonic cell Adenoid like, resembling Adenoma tumor, swelling Adenodynia pain, ache

20. CONFIDENTIAL20 Medical Terms Root word: adren(o) – denoting the adrenal glands Adrenomegaly enlargement Adrenopathy disease Adrenalectomy excision,removal Adrenotoxin poison Adrenokinetic movement,stimulation

21. CONFIDENTIAL21 Medical Terms Root word: thyr(o) – denoting relationship to the thyroid glands Thyrocele tumor, swelling Thyropenia decrease, deficiency Thyroiditis inflammation Thyro toxic osis poison condition, disease Hypo thyroid ism less, deficient state or condition

22. CONFIDENTIAL22 Assignment: Xtranormal For this unit we will be making our own cartoon movie that discusses information about one of the disease processes covered in the power point. Students will be able to choose which disease or condition they would like depicted in their Xtranormal. This will be a paired project and will be due on Monday April 19, 2010.

23. CONFIDENTIAL23 Instructions Find two websites to obtain information regarding the disease process, which you will use to write your script. Be sure to include the following information: - Definition of disease - Population it affects (Who are most likely to get this disease?) - How the disease is diagnosed - Treatment options - Complications from disease - Signs and Symptoms of the disease

24. CONFIDENTIAL24 Write out script. Make it something creative and entertaining but also educational. Once your script has been approved, go to www.Xtranormal.com or www.goanimate.com and sign up for a free account.www.Xtranormal.com www.goanimate.com Make sure your movie meets the following specifications.

25. CONFIDENTIAL25 Criteria Movie must be at least 2 minutes long 25 points Must include info stated previously for script. 50 points Must be grammatically correct. 10 points Must be creative, do not want repetition of info, make a story. 15 points (Total 100) Must be completed and ready for viewing at the beginning of class on Monday April 18, 2010.