1. Africa – Physical Geography

4. Landforms and Resources
Angola diamonds = weapons = 500,000 dead and 4,000,000 homeless
Present day Africa moved very little as Pangaea split up
Most of Africa is a plateau 1,000 feet above sea level

5. Landforms and Resources
Huge basins – depressions – 625 miles x 5,000 feet deep
Nile River – 4,000 miles long, 95% of Egyptian life
Google earth
Many waterfalls, rapids and gorges make river travel difficult

6. Landforms and Resources
Rift valleys – long thin valleys in East Africa over 4,000 mile long
Long deep lakes
Lake Tanganyika – 420 miles long and 4,700’ deep
Lake Victoria
Mountains – mostly volcanic mountains
Mount Kilimanjaro –
Great Escarpment – steep slope with a flat plateau – S. Africa

7. Landforms and Resources
Many minerals on continent and oil
Economic activity map on page 419
Many diverse resources
Oil #1, coffee #2, lumber, sugar, cocoa beans, palm oil
66% make living in agriculture

8. Climate and Vegetation
Warm tropical temperatures
Deserts – Sahara
Aquifers – oasis
Variations in rainfall from one extreme to the other 120” to less than 20”
N. and S Africa have Mediterranean climates – can be cooler

9. Climate and Vegetation
Grasslands – tropical grassland cover most of continent – Serengeti Plain – dry with hard soil – supports grazing animals
Rainforests – leave 6 weeks vs. year in Europe to decompose
Canopy – uppermost layer of branches in rainforest 150’ in the air
Slash and burn agriculture – 90% of Madagascar and ½ of African rainforests

10. Climate and Vegetation

11. Climate and Vegetation

12. Climate and Vegetation

13. Climate and Vegetation

14. Human-Environment Interaction
300 dead in Nigeria from pipeline explosion
1000s of lives and a lot of environmental disaster
Desertification – change of moist areas to desert – human activity is speeding up the process (farming, grazing and population)
Rain forest is disappearing

15. Human-Environment Interaction
Nigeria – 6th largest oil producer – 2M BBL per day – 80% to 90% of income
Mismanagement, corruption, poor planning and dropping prices hurt Nigeria
4,000 oil spills, soot and air pollution, fires and explosions
Oil stolen and resold

16. Human-Environment Interaction
Nile – Aswan High Dam – Lake Nasser 300 miles and was built in 1970
Controls flooding and irrigation water
Increased farmland by 50%
People were relocated and artifacts were covered in water
Decreased fertility and lessened silt deposits while increasing salt in soil
Malaria and water evaporation

17. Human Geography East Africa Cradle of humanity
Ethiopia = trading center
19th century Africa colonized for resources
Berlin Conference divides Africa among 14 nations to avoid war – no Africans invited
Liberia and Ethiopia remain free
Divided with no respect to language or culture
Groups put together that hated each other
Conflicts today in Africa took root during colonization

18. Human Geography East Africa Gained independence by 1970
Many internal disputes and civil wars
Cultural divisions cause internal conflicts
Farming and tourism
Coffee, tea and sugar
Many moving to cities
Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania have wildlife parks that people want to farm

19. Human Geography East Africa 160 different ethnic groups
Health care is bad
AIDS pandemic – uncontrollable outbreak of disease
Famine in Somalia- drought and political violence

20. Human Geography

21. Human Geography

22. Human Geography North Africa Carthage in Tunisia is a trading post
Egypt
Invaded throughout history
Islam dominates – monotheistic based on teachings of Muhammad
Quran, Sunni, Shia, god, women, jihad, marriage, Jesus
Testimony, prayer, giving, fasting, & pilgrimmage

23. Human Geography North Africa Black gold, 99% of Libyan exports
Many unemployed especially young
Souk = marketplace
Women – few women work, eat separately, moving towards one wife, less abuse, preteen arranged marriages lessened, women in cities getting jobs

24. Human Geography West Africa 300 years over 20 million slaves exported
20% died on voyage
Effects still felt today
Gold and salt were early products
Many cultures and peoples
Stateless societies governed by families

25. Human Geography West Africa Ghana $1900 – minerals
Sierra Leone – 800 miles of road and 30% literacy
Carving, weaving, art and music

26. Human Geography Central Africa Bantu are the largest group and culture
Slave trade was assisted by African rulers
King Leopold II of Belgium in 1870s wanted to develop trade in the Congo
Borders during colonialism hurt systems of trade and government
By 1960s most areas were free
Inexperienced and corrupt leaders

27. Human Geography Central Africa
Little money for roads, airports or education
Lack stable political systems
Art and sculpture
Education in short supply
Less than half of year olds attend school
Few teachers, school buildings and high dropout rate
Over 700 languages – most education in French
Few universities

28. Human Geography South Africa
Blacks greatly outnumber whites but own little land
Gold trade
Zimbabwe was a gold trading empire from 1200s to 1400s then ended suddenly??
British defeat the Zulus in late 1800s to control S. Africa
British fought Dutch in Boer War

29. Human Geography South Africa
1948 apartheid – complete separation of races
No social contact with segregated schools, hospitals and neighborhoods
25% white
Nelson Mandela ANC
Apartheid ends 1994

30. Human Geography

31. Human Geography South Africa
Economies are advanced for Africa, but black poverty is a big problem
Many young uneducated people
Unequal land distribution and severe housing shortages
Botswana has mineral wealth, but an uneven distribution of money

32. Human Geography South Africa
Rich buy land for cattle which cause food shortages
Dance is important
Johannesburg has 6M people with rich in N and poor in S

33. African Issues Poor government Poor economies Poor education
Few trading relationships

34. African Issues Little manufacturing – raw materials Debt
Many educated Africans leave
Health care is limited – Aids, cholera, malaria and tuberculosis