2. The term hypermetropia is derived from hyper meaning “In excess” met meaning “measure” & opia meaning “of the eye”. Also called hyperopia / longsightedness First suggested in 1755 by KASTNER

3. DEFINITION It is the refractive state of eye where in parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused behind the sentient layer of retina with accommodation being at rest The posterior focal point is behind the retina which receives a blurred image

5. ETIOLOGY 1) AXIAL Most common Total refractive power of eye is normal Axial shortening of eyeball 1mm short- 3 D of HM Physiologically more than 6D HM are uncommon At birth +2.5 – 3 D of HM (physiologically) Pathologically seen in cases like orbital tumour, inflammatory mass, oedema, coloboma and microphthalmos.

6. 2) CURVATURAL Flattening of cornea, lens or both 1mm increase in Radius of curvature- RESULTS IN 6D of HM Never exceed 6D HM physiologically Congenitally flattened (cornea plana) Result (trauma and disease ) 3) INDEX Change in refractive index with age Physiologically in old age Pathologically in diabetics under treatment

7. 4)POSITIONAL Posteriorly placed crystalline lens Occurs as congenital anomaly Result of trauma or disease 5)ABSENCE OF LENS Seen in aphakia

8. CLINICAL TYPES SIMPLE HYPERMETROPIA, PATHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL HYPEROPIA

9. SIMPLE HYPERMETROPIA Commonest form Results from normal biological variations in the development of eyeball Include axial and curvatural HM May be hereditary

10. PATHOLOGICAL HYPERMETROPIA Anomalies lie outside the limits of biological variation Acquired hypermetropia –Decrease curvature of outer lens fibers in old age – Cortical sclerosis Positional hypermetropia Aphakia Consecutive hypermetropia

11. FUNCTIONAL HYPERMETROPIA Results from paralysis of accommodation Seen in patients with 3 rd nerve paralysis & internal ophthalmoplegia

12. OPTICAL CONDITION Parallel rays focus behind retina Diffusion circles produce blurred & indistinct images Retina is nearer to nodal point Image is smaller than in emmetropic Rays diverge from retina Formation of clear image is possible only when converging power of eye is increased

15. NOMENCLATURE TOTAL HYPERMETROPIA= LATENT + MANIFEST (facultative + absolute)

16. TOTAL HYPERMETROPIA It is the total amount of refractive error,estimated after complete cycloplegia with atropine Divided into latent & manifest

17. LATENT HYPERMETROPIA Corrected by inherent tone of ciliary muscle Usually about 1D High in children Decreases with age Revealed after abolishing tone of ciliary muscle with atropine

18. MANIFEST HYPERMETROPIA Remaining part of total hypermetropia Correct by accommodation and convex lens Measure by add strongest lens with max. vision Consists of facultative & absolute FACULTATIVE HYPERMETROPIA Corrected by patients accommodative effort ABSOLUTE HYPERMETROPIA Residual part not corrected by patients accommodative effort Absolute hypermetropia can be measured by the weakest convex lens with which maximum visual acuity

19. MANIFEST HYPERMETROPIA CONT… Manifest HM – absolute HM = Facultative HM (Strongest lens) – (weakest lens) Total HM – Manifest HM = Latent HM

20. NORMAL AGE VARIATION  At birth +2+3D HM Slightly increase in one year of life, Gradually diminished untill by the age 5-10 years  In old age after 50 year again tendency to HM  Ton of ciliary muscle decreases  Accommodative power decreases  Some amount of latent HM become manifest  More amount of facultative HM become absolute  Practically after 65 year all of it become absolute

21. SYMPTOMS Principal symptom is blurring of vision for close work Symptoms vary depending upon age of patient & degree of refractive error ASYMPTOMATIC small error produces no symptoms Corrected by accommodation of patient

22. ASTHENOPIA Refractive error are fully corrected by accommodative effort Thus vision is normal Sustained accommodation produces symptoms Asthenopia increases as day progresses Increased after prolonged near work SYMPTOMS Tiredness Frontal or fronto temporal headache Watering Mild photophobia

23. DEFECTIVE VISION WITH ASTHENOPIA Not corrected by accommodation Defective vision for near more than distance Asthenopia due to sustained accommodation Refractive error more(>4D)

24. DEFECTIVE VISION ONLY Refractive vision more than 4D Adults usually do not accommodate Marked defective vision for near and distance

25. SIGNS VISUAL ACUITY : Defective EYEBALL: small or normal in size CORNEA : may be smaller than normal. There can be CORNEA PLANA ANTERIOR CHAMBER : may be shallow LENS: could be dislocated backwards A Scan ultrasonography (biometry) reveal short axial length

26. FUNDUS: A)DISC: Dark reddish color, irregular margins,confused with Papillitis so termed as PSEUDO-PAPILLITIS B) MACULA: Situated further from the disc than usual, large positive angle alpha, apparent divergent squint C)BLOOD VESSELS: Show undue tortuosity & abnormal branchings D)BACKGROUND: SHOT- SILK RETINA

27. COMPLICATION Recurrent styes m blepharitis or chalazia Accommodative convergent squint Amblyopia –Anisometropic –Stravismic –Uncorrective bilateral high hypermetropia Predisposition to develop primary narrow angle glaucomas Care should be taken while instilling mydriatics

28. BASIS FOR TREATMENT No Treatment  Error is small  Asymptomatic  Visual acuity normal  No muscular imbalance TREATMENT

29. Young children(<6 or 7yrs)  Some degree of hypermetropia is physiological so no correction  Treatment required if error is high or strabismus is present  working in school small error may require correction  In children error tends normally to diminish with growth so refraction should be carried out every six month and if necessary the correction should be reduced, ortherwise a lens which is overcorrecting their error may induce an artificial myopia  No deduction of tonus allowance in strabismus

30. ADULTS  If symptoms of eye-strain are marked,we correct as much of the total hypermetropia as possible,trying as far as we can to relieve the accommodation  When there is spasm of accommodation we correct the whole of the error  Some patients with hypermetropia do not initially tolerate the full correction indicated by manifest refraction so we undercorrect them  Exophoria hyperopia should be under correct by 1 to 2D

31.  Patients with absolute hypermetropia are more likely to accept nearly the full correction because they typically experience immediate improvement in visual acuity  In pathological hypermetropia the underlying cause rather than the hypermetropia is chief concern

32. MODE OF TREATMENT SPECTACLES CONTACT LENS SURGICAL OPTICAL TREATMENT

33. SPECTACLES Basic principle Prescribe convex lenses(Plus lenses) so that rays are brought to focus on the retina Advantages Comfortable Easier method Less expensive Safe idea

35. CONTACT LENS ADVANTAGES Cosmetically good Increased field of view Less magnification Elimination of aberrations & prismatic effect

36. REFRACTIVE SURGERY Refractive surgery is not as effective as in myopia TYPES: (1)HEXAGONAL KERATOTOMY(HK) Low to moderate degrees of hypermetropia Its risk /benefit ratio is not low enough to warrant its continued use

38. LASER THERMAL KERATOPLASTY(LTK) Procedure done using laser energy to heat the cornea (contraction of collagen) and increase its curvature Central heating of cornea results in central corneal flattening thereby resulting in hyperopic shift

39. PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY(PRK) Direct laser ablation of corneal stroma after removal of corneal epithelium mechanically Done using EXCIMER LASER

40. LASER IN SITU KERATOMILEUSIS(LASIK) Anterior flap of cornea lifted with keratome and excimer laser is used to sculpt the stromal bed to change the refractive error of eye It can correct up to 4D of hypermetropia and 8D of astigmatism

41. PHAKIC IOL AND CLEAR LENS EXTRACTION Done by Phaco technique Clear lens extraction with the implantation of an IOL-----Preferably foldable IOL or a Piggyback IOL is implanted

42. VISUAL HYGIENE While reading or doing intensive near work take a break about every 30 min When reading maintain proper distance that is the book should be at least as far from your eyes as your elbow when you make a fist and hold it against your nose Sufficient Illumination Place a limit spent watching television & watching videogames Sit 5-6 feet away from the television

43. Appropriate optical correction almost always leads to clear and comfortable single binocular vision Younger children who have significant hyperopia associated with amblyopia, strabismus,or anisometropia require treatment, starting as early as 3-6 months of age

44. CONCLUSION Hyperopia is a common refractive disorder that has been overshadowed by myopia in public perception,vision research & the scientific literature Although uncorrected myopia has a greater adverse effect on visual acuity than uncorrected hyperopia,the close association between hyperopia,amblyopia & strabismus,especially in children,makes hyperopia a greater risk factor for more permanent vision loss than myopia

45. The early diagnosis & treatment of significant hyperopia & its consequences can prevent a significant amount of visual disability in the general population

46. For Further Queries Contact : Ms. Priyanka Singh Head – Optometry Service Email – optometry@venueyeinstitute.org