1. Classical Conditioning I

3. Classical Conditioning

5. Classical or Pavlovian conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Automatically elicits a response (reflex) Unconditioned Response (UR) Food, Water, Sex, Pain, etc. Initially “neutral” – Does not initially trigger same response as does the US lights, sounds, tastes, odors, etc. After pairings with the US, elicits a conditioned response

6. Some response systems that participate in classical conditioning Endorphins and analgesia Sexual arousal Immune suppression/enhancement Fear

7. Autoshaping When there is a contingency between a tangible CS and a pleasurable US, the CR is directed at the CS. Sign tracking (cf. Goal tracking) Pigeons response: peck key light CS Rats key light CS  food US response: handle ball bearing ball bearing CS  food US insert lever CS  food US response: lick lever

10. Autoshaping Movies Long-box autshaping Omission training

11. Fear Conditioning (shock) (tone) Notation: Tone + Or Tone  Shock

12. After one or two pairings… (CS) Blood pressure Heart Rate Stress Hormones Freezing (CR’s)

13. Conditioned Suppression

14. Suppression Ratio a = responses during the CS b = responses prior to the CS a a + b After 10 Tone-Shock trials: a = 3; b = 20. 3/(3+20) = 0.13 On first Tone-Shock trial: a = 30; b = 30. 30/(30+30) = 0.50

15. Fear-Potentiated Startle (Davis) ToneShockTrain: Test: Startle Stimulus (Loud Noise) Alone Vs. Startle Stimulus + Tone DV: How high do they jump?

17. Feedback vs. Feed- forward

24. Some properties of classical conditioning

27. Generalization CR’s Tone frequency Trained frequency

28. What determines the form of the CR? Stimulus Substitution Behavior Systems Opponent Processes

29. Stimulus Substitution (the CS takes the place of the US) Pavlov: UR = Salivation, CR = Salivation Cocaine: UR = Activity, CR = Activity Cyclophosamide: UR & CR = immune suppression. Autoshaping: CR for water = Closed beak, CR for grain = Open beak

30. Form of the CR in Sign Tracking From Jenkins & Moore, 1973 UCS = Water (note the closed beak) UCS = Food (note the open beak) video

31. However… Fear conditioning: CR = freezing, UR = activity CS can determine form of CR

32. Form of CR depends on CS

33. However… Fear conditioning: CR = freezing, UR = activity CS can determine form of CR Interval between CS and US matters –Long delay: General search CR –Short delay: Focal search CR

34. Behavior Systems Theory Holland (1984); Timberlake & Silva; Akins The CS and US engage the same “behavior system” – e.g., appetitive, sexual, defensive. The form of the CR depends on the length of the delay between CS and US. Overt CR is flexible – depends on situation

36. Another View: Opponent Process Theory Conditioning helps maintain homeostasis US’s divert organism away from homeostasis time Body temp Enter sauna Begin cooling response = Vasodilation sweating 98.6

37. Opponent Process Theory of Motivation

38. Siegel heroin Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Big departure from homeostasis

39. Siegel heroin Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Smaller departure from homeostasis

40. Siegel heroin Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Even smaller departure from homeostasis

41. Siegel heroin Ave. C Buddy Jimmy Favorite belt Etc. Euphoria Departure from homeostasis

42. Siegel heroin New Context Euphoria Departure from homeostasis

43. Siegel Time since admin. Conc. Of drug in Brain CSUS

44. Montaigne: “My appetite comes to me while eating” -Of Vanity (1500-ish)