1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb

2. Essential Concepts of A & P Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Complementarity of Structure & Function Hierarchy of structural organization Homeostasis

3. The Human Body – An Orientation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

4.  Often focuses on the cellular & biochemical levels because: ◦ What a body can do depends on the operation of its individual cells and; ◦ What cells can do ultimately depends on the chemical reactions that go on within them.

5.  Structure determines Function

6. Levels of Structural Organization Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

7. Organ System Overview – pages 3-7 in text Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

8. Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

9. Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

10. Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

11. Organ System Overview Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

12. Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

13. Organ System Overview Slide 1.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

14. Organ System Overview Slide 1.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

15. Organ System Overview Slide 1.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

16. Maintaining Life Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Boundaries Internal environment remains separate from external Cellular level - Cell membrane Organismal level - Integumentary system Movement Locomotion &Movement of substances Muscular system aided by skeletal

17. Maintaining Life Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Responsiveness (Irritability) Ability to sense changes and react to stimuli Nervous system Digestion Break-down of macromolecules - Requires oxygen Digestive system

18. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body (requires oxygen) Anabolic (anabolism) – building Catabolic (catabolism) – breaking down Regulated by endocrine system, depends on several systems Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions from digestion & metabolism Digestive, Excretory and respiratory systems

19. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction Reproductive system regulated mainly by endocrine system Cellular level – growth & repair Organismal level – survival of species Growth Cell constructing activities must happen at a faster rate than cell destroying ones

20. Survival Needs Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for oxidative chemical reactions such as making ATP

21. Survival Needs Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Appropriate atmospheric pressure

22. Homeostasis Slide 1.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of a stable internal environment ; a dynamic state of equilibrium Affected by : age, health, nutrition, pathological situation Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

23.  Nervous system ◦ Rapid response ◦ Short duration ◦ Uses electrical signals delivered by nerves  Endocrine system ◦ Slower response ◦ Longer duration ◦ Uses bloodborne hormones

25. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative feedback Include most homeostatic control mechanisms that require continuous adjustment Define: Acts opposite of the original stimulus to return the body to homeostasis Examples: breathing rate, blood glucose levels, heart rate, body temp, etc.

27. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Positive feedback Define: Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther from the homeostatic value – episodic events Blood clotting and childbirth are the most familiar examples: can also be the result of a disease process

29. The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Anatomical Position – body erect, arms hanging at side of body, palms forward This is the reference point by which all locational/directional terms are described.

31. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1

32. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 (cont)

33. Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Figure 1.5a

34. Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Figure 1.5b

35.  See explanations in notes:  Sagittal ◦ Midsagittal (median) ◦ Parasagittal  Frontal/Coronal  Transverse  Oblique

36. Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

37. Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7

39.  Serous Membranes Parietal = outer Visceral = inner Pericardium Peritoneum Pleura

40.  Serous membranes