1. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

2. Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates

3. Outline Tissue Types Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Organs
Organ Systems
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback

4. Levels of Organization
Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar function
Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized function
Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning together
Organism - A collection of organ systems

5. Four major vertebrate tissue types
Types of Tissues
Four major vertebrate tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

6. Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates

7. Three types of epithelial tissues:
Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces
Lines inner cavities
Forms glands
Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities
Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream
Covers abdominal organs
Three types of epithelial tissues:
Squamous – Flat cells
Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells
Columnar – Pillar-shaped cells

8. Connective tissues consist of:
Fibroblast cells
A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
Loose fibrous connective tissue
Allows organs to expand
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Strong connective tissue
Tendons
Ligaments

9. Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue

10. Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue Cartilage
Insulates the body and provides padding
Cartilage
Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrix

11. Connective Tissue Examples

12. Connective Tissue Compact Bone
Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers
Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunae
Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)

13. Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Blood
Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)
Red blood cells - erythrocytes
White blood cells - leukocytes
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes

14. Blood, a Liquid Tissue

15. Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments
Muscular Tissue
Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments
Cells are called muscle fibers
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary - Long, striated fibers
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary - No striations
Cardiac Muscle
Striated, but mostly involuntary
Bound by intercalated disks

16. Muscular Tissue

17. Nervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue: neurons-specialized for the transmission of nerve impulses.
Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
Dendrites (like antennae) receive signals from sensory receptors.
Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles.
Axons conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body.
Myelin-white matter
Unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites-grey matter
A nerve is a bundle of axons bound together by connective tissue.
Neuroglia support and nourish neurons

18. Neurons

19. Nervous Tissue
Nervous system regulates body response to stimuli and has three main functions
Sensory input
Sensory (afferent) carrying impulses from the body to the CNS
Transmit info to the spinal cord
Data integration
Spinal cord and brain integrate
Decision is made regarding appropriate response
Motor output-(efferent)
Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)
Effector initiates actual response

20. Neurons are not in direct contact with one
Neurons are not in direct contact with one another instead, a synapse separates them.
Neurons communicate with other neurons by releasing chemical signals called neurotransmitters across a tiny gap.

21. Types of Neuroglial Cells
Astrocytes
CNS
mop up excess ions, etc
induce synapse formation
stimulate formation of tight junction between cells that make up the walls of capillaries. (Blood-brain barrier)
Schwann Cells
peripheral nervous system
myelinating cell
Oligodendrocytes
CNS
myelinating cell
Ependyma
CNS
ciliated
line central canal of spinal cord
line ventricles of brain
Regulate the production of CSF
Microglia
CNS
phagocytic cell

22. Types of Neuroglial Cells

23. Integumentary system-Skin and derivatives
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Integumentary system-Skin and derivatives
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Functions of skin: Largest organ in the body
Covers and protects underlying body regions
Regulate body temperature
Contains sensory receptor- touch, pressure
Vital in maintaining homeostasis
Epidermis - Outer, thinner region
Stratified squamous epithelium-lacks blood vessels
As new cells enlarge, older cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off
Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)
Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells
15% of the body’s weight.

24. Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis
Regions of Skin
Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis
Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains:
Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands-secrete sebum
Receptors-specialized nerve endings
Nerve fibers
Blood vessels
Subcutaneous Layer - Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue located below dermis

25. Human Skin Anatomy

26. Body Cavities Organ Systems
Dorsal cavity / posterior (toward the back)
Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity
The brain is in the cranial cavity, and
The spinal cord is in the vertebral cavity
Ventral cavity/ anterior (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into
The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and
The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)
The pelvic cavity

27. Mammalian Body Cavities

28. The organ systems of the human body contribute to
Homeostasis
The digestive system
Takes in and digests food
Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrients
The respiratory system
Adds oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide
The organ systems of the human body contribute to
homeostasis

29. Homeostasis The liver and the kidneys The kidneys
Store excess glucose as glycogen-regulates blood glucose
Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used
The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose levels
The kidneys
Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts
Regulate pH

30. Negative Feedback Homeostatic Control Partially controlled by hormones
Ultimately controlled by the nervous system
Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point
Sensor detects change in the internal environment;
Regulatory Center activates an effector
Effector reverses the changes

31. Regulation of Body Temperature

32. Positive Feedback
During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another event-a change occurs in one direction
Childbirth Process
Positive Feedback
Does not result in equilibrium
Does not occur as often as negative feedback

33. Review Tissue Types Organs Organ Systems Homeostasis Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Organs
Organ Systems
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback

34. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Ending Slide Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Animal Organization & Homeostasis