1. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Midterm Exam  When: 3:30 – 4:50PM, Thursday, October 4, 2012  Where: HM 201s  Format  Close book  Question types  Multiple choices  Fill in blanks  Short answer  Refer to all materials for reviewing, for example, lecture notes, in-class activities, assignments.

2. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation The Process of Architecting (Adapted from Dr. Osman Balci) Sung Hee Park Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Virginia State University September 20, 2012

3. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Waterfall Model

4. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation The Process of Architecting  The process of Architecting takes the Requirements Specification Document (RSD) as input and generates an Architecture Specification as output.  Architecting QA integrates the assessments of  quality of the Architecture Specification work product,  architecting process quality,  quality of the people employed in architecting, and  project characteristics related to the life cycle stage forarchitecting.

5. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation UML Supports Application Development  The output, Architecture Specification, is created using a standard description framework such as DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF).

6. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation The Process of Architecting  The Architecting process deals with the creation of a system/software architecture to satisfy the requirements.  The Architecting process involves  Identification of a known system/software architecture,  Composition of an architecture from a set of known system/software architectures, or  Creation of a new system/software architecture.

7. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecture Definition  “The structure of components, their relationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time.” [DoD Integrated Architecture Panel, 1995, based on IEEE STD 610.12]  “An architecture is the fundamental organization of a system embodied in its components, their relationships to each other, and to the environment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution.” [IEEE STD 1471-2000]

8. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Network-Centric Software Architecture  A network-centric software architecture refers to the  fundamental organization of software components that interoperate over a network,  relationships among the software components, and  the principles and guidelines governing the design and evolution of those software components.  We use the term “network” to refer to one or a combination of many types of communications networks such as  Global System for Mobile communication (GSM),  Internet,  local area network (LAN),  mobile ad-hoc network (MANET),  virtual private network (VPN), or  wireless network.

9. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Major Network-Centric Software Architectures  1. Client-Server Architecture (CSA)  2. Distributed Objects Architecture (DOA)  3. Peer-to-Peer Architecture (PPA)  4. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

10. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecture versus Design  A design is an instantiation of an architecture similar to how an object is an instantiation from a class. Example: Client-Server Architecture Server Computer Design based on the.Net platform Design based on the the Java EE platform Instantiation

11. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecture versus Design  System/Software Architecture is used to:  Make buy decisions (acquisition)  Discriminate between options  Assist in “Discovery” of the true requirements  Drive one or more systems to a common “use” or purpose (system of systems)  System/Software Design is used to:  Develop system/software components  Build the system/software  Understand configuration changes as the system/software is modified

12. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation What is a Network-Centric System?  A network-centric system is an interconnection of software, hardware, and humans that operate together over a network to accomplish a set of goals.  The main idea behind the “network-centric” characterization is to connect everything with everything else such as communities of interest, computers, databases, mobile devices, organizational entities, processes, satellites, sensors, and software.  A network-centric system is commonly engineered to provide pervasive services for use by anyone, anywhere, and anytime.  The user consumes pervasive services by using smart devices such as workstation computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, hand-held computers, cellular smart phones, and kiosks, all connected to a network.

13. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation An Example Network-Centric System of Systems

14. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Definitions of Terms  COI Community of Interest  COPS Common Open Policy Service  DEN Directory Enabled Networking  HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol  IPSP Internet Protocol Security Policy  IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6  NDMP Network Data Management Protocol  P2P Peer-to-Peer  SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol  TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol  UDDI Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration

15. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Emergence of New Areas  The vision / paradigm  “Connecting everything with everything else!” created two new major areas: 1. System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) (System of Systems Architecting) 2. Enterprise Systems Engineering (Enterprise Systems Architecting)

16. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation An Example Network-Centric System of Systems  A system of systems (SoS) is an interconnection of interdependent  systems through a network to provide a given capability.  An SoS may be a single platform or consist of a collection of  separate, but interdependent, interconnected platforms performing  different functions.  A military aircraft, for example, is a single platform operating with  different systems on board, such as propulsion, weapons,  navigation, and communications systems.  A ground station dependent on a satellite is an example of an SoS,  interconnected platforms performing different functions.  A distinguishing factor for an SoS is that it depends on all of its  elements working interactively and continuously within a network  to accomplish a pre-specified capability.  The loss of any SoS element degrades the performance or  capabilities of the entire SoS. An SoS provides a capability not  possible with any of the individual elements acting alone.

17. Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecting Challenges  Network-Centric System/Software Architecting  System of Systems Architecting  Enterprise Systems Architecting  Job Titles:  Software Architect  System Architect  Enterprise System Architect