1. Know the basic facts and general operating principle of rocket engines. Introduction to Space

2. Exploring Space History of Rocket Engines Going into Space The Age of Rockets Sputnik: The Russian Moon Armstrong’s Small Step NASA - Post Apollo Space Goes International Space in Your Backyard

3. Age of Rockets: Early Development Chinese “Fire Arrows” (1045 AD) Expansion across Europe French – In 1429,rockets in use at the siege of Orleans during the Hundred Years War against the English. By 1500-1600 AD rockets incorporated, albeit on a small scale with most major armies across Europe, Middle East and Asia War of 1812 (Francis Scott Key: “Rockets Red Glare”) Improvements in conventional artillery decreased interest in rockets

4. Age of Rockets: Russia Early Russian rocket interest Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) “The Father of Russian Cosmonautics Calculated escape velocity for interplanetary missions Theorized about the combination of hydrogen and oxygen for more efficient rockets (propellants for the Space Shuttle’s main engines)

5. Age of Rockets: United States Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) Launched first liquid-fueled rocket in 1926 Lacked support from US government

6. Age of Rockets: Germany Treaty of Versailles inspired post-WWI interest in rockets as an alternative to prohibited heavy artillery German government’s support of rocket societies played pivotal role in development of the V-1 and V-2 rocket—the world’s first ballistic missile

7. Age of Rockets: Post WWII Defeat of Germany resulted in recruitment of German rocket scientists by U.S. and Russia Wernher Von Braun and 68 captured V-2 rockets became the basis of the U.S. rocket program V-2 experiments accelerated study of rockets and under-standing of space challenges Cold War brought development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to deliver nuclear warheads

8. Sputnik, the Cold War and the Space Race Russian Launch of Sputnik (4 Oct 1957) First man-made orbiting satellite Starting gun for the space race Rapid succession of research and launches fueled battle for national prestige

9. The Cold War and the Space Race National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed Oct 1958 Budget ballooned to keep pace Russia’s Launch of Luna III (Oct 1959) provided the first photographs of the Moon’s dark side

10. The Cold War and the Space Race Mercury-Atlas 1 (29 Jul 1960) Exploded 1 minute after liftoff Mercury-Redstone 1 (21 Nov 1960) Collapsed shortly after ignition when engines cut out Mercury-Redstone 2 (21 Jan 1961) Launched Ham, the chimpanzee, on sub- orbital flight

11. The Cold War: Crewed Spaceflight Yuri Gagarin 12 Apr 1961 One orbit of Earth Gus Grissom and Alan Shepherd May and July of 1961 Sub-orbital flights Gherman Titov 7 Aug 1961 17 orbits of Earth

12. Armstrong’s Small Step Saturn V rocket boosted Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Ed White to the Moon July 20, 1969: Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the Moon

13. NASA – Post Apollo Skylab Launched 1973 Re-entry 1979 Apollo 18 Docking with Soyuz Space Shuttle

14. Space Science Missions Large, expensive space programs such as Magellan (1990-94) - Venus Hubble Space Telescope Galileo (1989-1995) – Jupiter Cassini (2004 - ) - Saturn Magellan GalileoCassini

15. Clear View of the Heavens Hubble Telescope Improved “view” that increases scientific discovery about our galaxy and those beyond Images from Hubble Space Telescope

16. Space International Increased cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union US Shuttle docked nine times with Russia’s space station Mir from 1995 to 1998 The proposed US “Space Station Freedom” was revamped as the “International Space Station” Russians brought in as a major partner Unprecedented cooperation among 16 nations

17. International Space Station

18. Space In Your Backyard Commercial investment in space surpassed government spending for the first time in the 1990’s Commercial uses of GPS soared Communications satellites fueled demand for cell phones and high- speed digital data transmission Imagery Commercial Space Travel

19. Know the basic facts and general operating principle of rocket engines. Introduction to Space