1. Chapter 12 – Simple Machines
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
© 2007

2. Photo Vol. 1 PhotoDisk/Getty
SIMPLE MACHINES are used to perform a variety of tasks with considerable efficiency. In this example, a system of gears, pulleys, and levers function to produce accurate time measurements.
Photo Vol. 1 PhotoDisk/Getty

3. Objectives: After completing this module, you should be able to:
Describe a simple machine in general terms and apply the concepts of efficiency, energy conservation, work, and power.
Distinguish by definition and example between the concepts of the ideal and actual mechanical advantages.
Describe and apply formulas for the mechanical advantage and efficiency of the following devices: (a) levers, (b) inclined planes, (c) wedges, (d) gears, (e) pulley systems, (f) wheel and axel, (g) screw jacks, and (h) the belt drive.

4. A Simple Machine
In a simple machine, input work is done by the application of a single force, and the machine does output work by means of a single force.
A simple machine
sin
sout
Win= Finsin
Wout= Foutsout
Fin
Fout W
Conservation of energy demands that the work input be equal to the sum of the work output and the heat lost to friction.

5. A Simple Machine (Cont.)
Input work = output work + work against friction
Efficiency e is defined as the ratio of work output to work input.
A simple machine
sin
sout
Fin W
Fout
Fin
Fin
Win= Finsin
Wout= Foutsout W
Fout

6. The efficiency is 80% or e = 0.80, therefore
A simple machine
sin
sout W
Fin = ?
Efficiency
Example 1. The efficiency of a simple machine is 80% and a 400-N weight is lifted a vertical height of 2 m. If an input force of 20 N is required, what distance must be covered by the input force?
The advantage is a reduced input force, but it is at the expense of distance. The input force must move a greater distance.
The efficiency is 80% or e = 0.80, therefore
sin = 5.0 m

7. Efficiency is the ratio of the power output to the power input.
Power and Efficiency
Since power is work per unit time, we may write
A simple machine
sin
sout W
Fin = ?
Efficiency
Efficiency is the ratio of the power output to the power input.

8. Example 2. A12-hp winch motor lifts a 900-lb load
to a height of 8 ft. What is the output power in ftlb/s if the winch is 95% efficient?
A simple machine
sin
sout W
Fin = ?
Efficiency
First we must find the power output, Po:
Po = (0.95)(12 hp) = 11.4 hp
(1 hp = 550 ft/s):
Po = 6270 ftlb/s

9. Ex. 2 (cont.) A12-hp winch motor lifts a 900 lb load
to a height of 8 ft. How much time is required if the winch is 95% efficient?
A simple machine
sin
sout W
Fin = ?
Efficiency
We just found that Po = 6270 W
Now we solve for t :
Time required: t = 1.15 s

10. Actual Mechanical Advantage
A simple machine
sin
sout W
Fin = ?
Actual Mechanical Advantage
Fout MA
The actual mechanical advantage, MA, is the ratio of Fo to Fi.
80 N
40 N
For example, if an input force of 40 N lifts an 80 N weight, the actual mechanical advantage is:

11. An Ideal Machine Conservation of energy demands that:
Input work = output work + work against friction
An ideal or perfect machine is 100% efficient and (Work)f = 0, so that
The ratio si/so is the ideal mechanical advantage.

12. Ideal Mechanical Advantage
A simple machine
sin
sout W
Fin = ?
Ideal Mechanical Advantage
Fout MI
6 m
2 m
The ideal mechanical advantage, MI, is the ratio of sin to sout.
For example, if an input force moves a distance of 6 m while the output force moves 2 m, the ideal mechanical advantage is:

13. Efficiency for an Ideal Engine
For 100% efficiency MA = MI. In other words, in the absence of friction, the machine IS an ideal machine and e = 1.
A simple machine
Sin = 8 m
Sout= 2 m W
Fin = 80 N
e = 100%
Fout= 400 N
IDEAL EXAMPLE:

14. Efficiency for an Actual Engine
The actual efficiency is always less than the ideal efficiency because friction always exits. The efficiency is still equal to the ratio MA/MI.
The efficiency of any engine is given by:
In our previous example, the ideal mechanical advantage was equal to 4. If the engine was only 50% efficient, the actual mechanical advantage would be 0.5(4) or 2. Then 160 N (instead of 80 N) would be needed to lift the 400-N weight.

15. The actual mechanical advantage is, therefore:
The Lever
A lever shown here consists of input and output forces at different distances from a fulcrum.
Fin
Fout
rout
rin
Fulcrum
The input torque Firi is equal to the output torque Foro.
The actual mechanical advantage is, therefore:

16. Friction is negligible so that Wout = Win:
The Lever
Friction is negligible so that Wout = Win:
Fin
Fout
rout
sout
sin
rin q
The ideal MI is:
Note from figure that angles are the same and arc length s is proportional to r. Thus, the ideal mechanical advantage is the same as actual.

17. 3. To find Fi we recall the definition of MI :
Example 3. A 1-m metal lever is used to lift a 800-N rock. What force is required at the left end if the fulcrum is placed 20 cm from the rock?
1. Draw and label sketch: ri r2
800 N
F = ?
2. List given info:
Fo = 700 N; r2 = 20 cm
r1 = 100 cm - 20 cm = 80 cm
3. To find Fi we recall the definition of MI :
For lever: MA = MI
Thus,
and

18. Other Examples of Levers

19. Wheel and Axel: Application of Lever Principle:Fi Fo
Wheel and Axel
Application of Lever Principle:
With no friction MI = MA and
For Wheel and Axel:
For example, if R = 30 cm and r = 10 cm, an input force of only 100 N will lift a 300-N weight!
If the smaller radius is 1/3 of the larger radius, your output force is 3 times the input force.

20. Single Fixed Pulleys
Single fixed pulleys serve only to change the direction of the input force. See examples: W
Fin
Fout
Fin
Fout
Fin = Fout

21. Single Moveable Pulley
Fin
80 N
Fin
Fout
Fin + Fin = Fout
40 N + 40 N = 80 N
2 m
1 m
A free-body diagram shows an actual mechanical advantage of MA = 2 for a single moveable pulley.
Note that the rope moves a distance of 2 m while the weight is lifted only 1 m.

22. Block and Tackle ArrangementW Fo Fi
We draw a free-body diagram: Fo Fi
The lifter must pull 4 m of rope in order to lift the weight 1 m

23. Since torque is defined as Fr, the ideal advantage is:
The Belt Drive
A belt drive is a device used to transmit torque from one place to another. The actual mechanical advantage is the ratio of the torques.
Belt Drive Fo Fi ri ro
Since torque is defined as Fr, the ideal advantage is:
Belt Drive:

24. Angular Speed Ratio
The mechanical advantage of a belt drive can also be expressed in terms of the diameters D or in terms of the angular speeds w.
Belt Drive Do Di wo wi
Belt Drive:
Note that the smaller pulley diameter always has the greater rotational speed.
Speed ratio:

25. To find Do we use the fact that
MI = 4 Fo Fi ri ro
Example 4. A 200 Nm torque is applied to an input pulley cm in diameter. (a) What should be the diameter of the output pulley to give an ideal mechanical advantage of 4? (b) What is the belt tension?
To find Do we use the fact that
Do = 4(12 cm) = 48 cm
Now, ti = Firi and ri = Di/2. Belt tension is Fi and ri is equal to ½Di = 0.06 m.

26. Gears Mechanical advantage of gears is similar to that for belt drive:No
Mechanical advantage of gears is similar to that for belt drive:
Gears:
In this case, Do is the diameter of the driving gear and Di is diameter of the driven gear. N is the number of teeth.
If 200 teeth are in the input (driving) gear, and 100 teeth in the output (driven) gear, the mech-anical advantage is ½.

27. Remember that the angular speed ratio is opposite to the gear ratio.
Example 5. The driving gear on a bicycle has 40 teeth and the wheel gear has only 20 teeth. What is the mechanical advantage? If the driving gear makes 60 rev/min, what is the rotational speed of the rear wheel?
Ni = 40
No = 20
Remember that the angular speed ratio is opposite to the gear ratio.
Output angular speed:
wo = 120 rpm
wo = 2wi = 2(60 rpm)

28. Ideal Mechanical Advantage
The Inclined Plane Fi
Fo = W so si
The Inclined Plane q
Ideal Mechanical Advantage
Because of friction, the actual mechanical advantage MA of an inclined plane is usually much less than the ideal mechanical advantage MI.

29. Example 6. An inclined plane has a slope of 8 m and a height of 2 m
Example 6. An inclined plane has a slope of 8 m and a height of 2 m. What is the ideal mechan-ical advantage and what is the necessary input force needed to push a 400-N weight up the incline? The efficiency is 60 percent. Fi
Fo = 400 N
2 m
Si = 8 m q
Fi = 167 N

30. An application of the inclined plane:
The Screw Jack
An application of the inclined plane:
Input distance: si = 2pR
Output distance: so = p p Fo Fi R
Screw Jack
Due to friction, the screw jack is an inefficient machine with an actual mechanical advantage significantly less than the ideal advantage.

31. Summary for Simple Machines
Efficiency e is defined as the ratio of work output to work input.
Efficiency is the ratio of the power output to the power input.

32. Summary The actual mechanical advantage, MA, is the ratio of Fo to Fi.
A simple machine
sin
sout W
Fin = ?
Efficiency
The ideal mechanical advantage, MI, is the ratio of sin to sout.

33. Summary (Cont.) The actual mechanical advantage for a lever:
Application of lever principle:
With no friction MI = MA
For Wheel and axel:

34. Summary (Cont.)
Belt Drive:
MI = 4 Fo Fi ri ro
Belt Drive
Belt Drive:

35. Ideal Mechanical Advantage
Summary Ni No
Gears: Fi
Fo = W so si
The Inclined Plane q
Ideal Mechanical Advantage

36. An application of the inclined plane:
Summary (Cont.) p Fo Fi R
Screw Jack
An application of the inclined plane:
Input distance: si = 2pR
Output distance: so = p

37. CONCLUSION: Chapter 12 Simple Machines