1. 1 2. 2 Other Reconfigurable and Morphable Hardware 2.1. Reconfigurable hardware (switch-based). Devices, SW Tools, Potential for EHW 2.2. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) – Xilinx examples 2.3. Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) – Anadigm Examples 2.4. Field Programmable Transistor Arrays (FPTA) – JPL examples 2.5. Reconfigurable antennas 2.6. Other reconfigurable structures 2.7. Speed of reconfiguration, partial reconfiguration, context- switching 2.8. Morphable hardware (no switches). Fine changes and tuning. 2.9. Morphable Materials and devices 2.10. Polymorphic circuits

2. 2 DEvAn System: Antenna DEvAn Reconfigurable antenna based on EvAn’s grid antenna Same layout except that its perimeter is closed with switches 48 switches vs EvAn’s 30 ~1/5 scale of EvAn antenna EvAn DEvAn

3. 3 Reconfigurable Antennas Reconfigurable grid antenna 48 Reed relay switches 13.2 cm x 10.5 cm overall size 2.1 cm cell size SMA coaxial cable connection for RF signal Coaxial control lines feeds control coils Control lines are roughly perpendicular to plane of antenna to limit interference

4. 4 Configurations 3 Orientations Broadside (plane of antenna |_ to signal) 45 deg Endfire (plane of antenna // to signal) Barrier configurations (placed before optimization begins) Solid metal (Al) sheet Polarization is vertical for all tests

5. 5 2. Reconfigurable and Morphable Hardware 2.1. Reconfigurable hardware (switch-based). Devices, SW Tools, Potential for EHW 2.2. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) – Xilinx examples 2.3. Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) – Anadigm Examples 2.4. Field Programmable Transistor Arrays (FPTA) – JPL examples 2.5. Reconfigurable antennas 2.6. Other reconfigurable structures 2.7. Context-switching, speed of change, latency issues 2.8. Morphable hardware (no switches). Fine changes and tuning. 2.9. Morphable Materials and devices 2.10. Polymorphic circuits

6. 6 Evolvable Femtosecond Laser System - Higuchi Advantages: 1. Autonomous Adjustment 2. Portable Size 3. Ultrashort pulse (~10 -15 sec) Especially Suitable for 1. Laser Processing for Diamonds and Shape-memory-alloy 2. Medical Treatment (e.g. macula, depilation) Laser alignment can be optimized autonomously by genetic algorithms to obtain the maximum output

7. 7 Deformable Mirror Higuchi Deformable Mirror Laser beam

8. 8 29 23242526 12 34 5 67 8 9 101112 13 14 15 161718 19 20 21 2227 28 30 31 32333435 36 37 Channels 37 http://www.okotech.com/ Deformable Mirror control Higuchi

9. 9 Example of application of adaptive optics systems The Real Time Computer (RTC) is a key component of an adaptive optics system. In the Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System (NAOS) for the ESO VLT, the RTC will control the 185 actuators of the corrective optics from the 144 wavefront sensor subapertures at a maximum frequency of 500 Hz. The RTC hardware architecture is fully reconfigurable to switch between the two NAOS wavefront sensors. The software includes an on-line control optimization allowing the use in a broad magnitude range (up to = 18). This RTC is designed to be easily upgraded for Laser Guide Star. NAOS is the adaptive optics system to be installed at one of the Nasmyth foci of the VLT to provide the near IR spectro imager (CONICA) with a compensation of the atmospheric turbulence effects on astronomical images. Incoming wavefronts are corrected by a 185 piezo-stack deformable mirror associated with a tip-tilt mirror. Output wavefront sensing is achieved by means of 2 Shack-Hartmann type sensors, working respectively at visible and IR wavelengths. NAOS Real-Time Computer for Optimized Closed Loop and On-Line Performance Estimation. D. Rabaud 1, F. Chazallet 2, G. Rousset 3, C. Amra 4, B. Argast 5, J. Montri 6, P.-Y. Madec 7, R. Arsenault 8, N. Hubin 9, J. Charton 10, G. Dumont 11 http://adass.org/adass/proceedings/adass99/P2-04/

10. 10 Nanoscale Arrays “Advances in our basic scientific understanding at the molecular and atomic level place us on the verge of engineering designer structures with key features at the single nanometer scale. This offers us the opportunity to design computing systems at what may be the ultimate limits on device size. At this scale, we are faced with new challenges and a new cost structure which motivates different computing architectures than we found efficient and appropriate in conventional VLSI. We sketch a basic architecture for nanoscale electronics based on carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires, and nano-scale FETs. This architecture can provide universal logic functionality with all logic and signal restoration operating at the nanoscale. The key properties of this architecture are its minimalism, defect tolerance, and compatibility with emerging, bottom-up, nanoscale fabrication techniques. The architecture further supports micro-to-nanoscale interfacing for communication with conventional integrated circuits and bootstrap loading. “ Array-Based Architecture for FET-Based, Nanoscale Electronics André DeHonAndré DeHon (Caltech)in IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, Volume 2, Number 1, Pages 23--32, Mar 2003.

11. 11 2. Reconfigurable and Morphable Hardware 2.1. Reconfigurable hardware (switch-based). Devices, SW Tools, Potential for EHW 2.2. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) – Xilinx examples 2.3. Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) – Anadigm Examples 2.4. Field Programmable Transistor Arrays (FPTA) – JPL examples 2.5. Reconfigurable antennas 2.6. Other reconfigurable structures 2.7.Speed of reconfiguration: partial configuration and context- switching 2.8. Morphable hardware (no switches). Fine changes and tuning. 2.9. Morphable Materials and devices 2.10. Polymorphic circuits

12. 12 Speed of reconfiguration: partial configuration and context-switching Faster reconfiguration means fast changes between optimal processing architectures. Techniques: Partial configuration. Selective access to configuration memory. The speed of dynamic reconfiguration is directly proportional to the number of configuration memory locations which need to be changed in order to implement the desired dynamic design modification. Multiple-context configuration memory. Maps successive configurations in multiple contexts of the configuration memory. The dynamic reconfiguration is performed by swapping a selected inactive configuration memory context into the active context. The configuration in the active context controls the programmable switches on the dynamically reconfigurable device. This "context swap" can be performed quickly across the entire configurable array so these devices have the shortest dynamic configuration times. The multiple-context configuration memory, however, can occupy large silicon area. Context switching FPGA (S. Scalera, Lockheed Sanders)

13. 13 Controlling it from the inside Another way of speeding reconfiguration and ensuring in fact self-configuration is having the reconfiguration mechanism/processor inside the chip. Integration of a processor and Reconfigurable Computing Array (now in Virtex II Pro) Cells controls other cells Development, embryonics

14. 14 2. Reconfigurable and Morphable Hardware 2.1. Reconfigurable hardware (switch-based). Devices, SW Tools, Potential for EHW 2.2. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) – Xilinx examples 2.3. Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) – Anadigm Examples 2.4. Field Programmable Transistor Arrays (FPTA) – JPL examples 2.5. Reconfigurable antennas 2.6. Other reconfigurable structures 2.7. Speed of reconfiguration, partial reconfiguration, context- switching 2.8. Morphable hardware (no switches). Fine changes and tuning. 2.9. Morphable Materials and devices 2.10. Polymorphic circuits

15. 15 Morphable hardware (no switches). Fine changes and tuning Function changes without switches can come from changing biases on device. In a circuit, signal values in certain ranges can cause a dramatic functional change; most often it keeps function and only changes its parametric operation: for example VCOs or various gain-control schemes. In these cases a fine tuning is possible by changing for example a bias current. In more dramatic cases the function can radically change. For example at a change of a controlling parameter the same circuit (with no switches) behaves as an NAND or as a NOR.

16. 16 2. Reconfigurable and Morphable Hardware 2.1. Reconfigurable hardware (switch-based). Devices, SW Tools, Potential for EHW 2.2. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) – Xilinx examples 2.3. Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) – Anadigm Examples 2.4. Field Programmable Transistor Arrays (FPTA) – JPL examples 2.5. Reconfigurable antennas 2.6. Other reconfigurable structures 2.7. Speed of reconfiguration, partial reconfiguration, context- switching 2.8. Morphable hardware (no switches). Fine changes and tuning. 2.9. Morphable Materials and devices 2.10. Polymorphic circuits

17. 17 Magnetic Shape Memories AdaptaMat Ltd. has initiated new technology based on Magnetic Shape Memory (MSM) materials. Those materials develop large strokes at high frequencies and high power, and they are expected to greatly simplify electromechanical devices. AdaptaMat Ltd. is the first company in the world dedicated to MSM materials and products. In early 1990's, Dr. Kari Ullakko invented a new way to produce motion by a magnetic field. Certain materials were found to have a specific microstructure and magnetic properties, which cause the material to change its shape when exposed to a magnetic field. These materials were named Magnetic Shape Memory (MSM) materials. AdaptaMat Ltd. was established in Finland in 1996 by Kari Ullakko and his colleague Ilkka Aaltio, to further develop, produce and market adaptive materials to industrial customers. Magnetic-field-induced strains of 0.2 % in a MSM material were obtained by Dr. Ullakko at Massachussetts Institute of Technology in 1996. Thereafter he together with Dr. Robert C. O'Handley from MIT has continued research of MSM materials and raised interest in this new potential technology. Today, strains over 6 percent have been obtained in materials manufactured by AdaptaMat. AdaptaMat has established first stage MSM material and actuator production in 2001 and sells products based on its NiMnGa actuating elements. Actuating elements made from MSM materials can produce complicated shape changes in the magnetic field. Electromechanical machines will become simpler, as a piece of material can "take the role of a machine". One of the simplest MSM device may consist of just an electromagnet and a piece of MSM material. Machines based on MSM materials will become easily controlled, greatly simplified, lighter and smaller than existing constructions. Compared to previous magnetically controlled actuator materials, MSM materials have already shown 50 times greater strains at room temperature, and even larger strains seem to be possible. AdaptaMat manufactures MSM elements at its production facilities in Helsinki, Finland. It has patented principal MSM mechanism in e.g. US and Europe, and patent applications are in process in important industrial countries. http://www.adaptamat.com/about.php

18. 18 MSM Properties http://www.adaptamat.com/technology/properties.php

19. 19 Smart structures 'Smart' structures can be fabricated by integrating sensor and actuator materials within a host structural material. Examples of this technology include Sensory Structures containing fibre optic or piezoelectric sensors and Adaptive Structures containing piezoceramic, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, and shape memory solid state actuators. The aforementioned actuation materials are solid state, however smart fluids also have the ability to change properties given a suitable stimulus. The dream, of course, is to integrate all this functionality at the microstructural or atomic/molecular scale to produce a truly 'smart material'. However, this is still some way off, even though the enabling technologies, such as nanotechnology, are under development. http://www.materials.org.uk/iom/divisions/mst/smasc/intro.htm

20. 20 2. Reconfigurable and Morphable Hardware 2.1. Reconfigurable hardware (switch-based). Devices, SW Tools, Potential for EHW 2.2. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) – Xilinx examples 2.3. Field Programmable Analog Arrays (FPAA) – Anadigm Examples 2.4. Field Programmable Transistor Arrays (FPTA) – JPL examples 2.5. Reconfigurable antennas 2.6. Other reconfigurable structures 2.7. Speed of reconfiguration, partial reconfiguration, context- switching 2.8. Morphable hardware (no switches). Fine changes and tuning. 2.9. Morphable Materials and devices 2.10. Polymorphic circuits

21. 21 Could change their function as a result of changes in temperature, light, radiation, power supply voltage or other variable that produces variations to the device characteristics. Built-in reactive behavior surfacing/taking control in specified conditions Logic threshold between 0 and 1 1.65V In1 In2 Out T=27C T=90C Example of evolved circuit In1 In2 Out AND OR It is the exactly the same circuit - only its function changes with temperature! Polytronics (Polymorphic electronics) 1 1 0 0 0 10 O C 20 O C 30 O C 40 O C 50 O C 60 O C Circuits with built-in multiple functionality, with the functional change caused by a induced modification in the operational points of constituent components. Polytronics – Stoica ICES 2001 00 01 10 11

22. 22 Examples of Polymorphic Functional Circuits Analog Change analog filter characteristic C1C2 Multi-valued/fuzzy logic S s1 = max(x 1,x 2 ) T s1 = min(x 1,x 2 ) S s2 = x 1 + x 2 - x 1 x 2 T s2 = x 1.x 2 Change logic C1C2 C1 C2 C3 Neural Change neuron characteristic C1C2 Digital Logic Change logic function S models OR, T models AND

23. 23 Examples of Polymorphic Controls Vdd Change voltage supply level Control Voltage Signals Change value of the control signal (could be multi-valued) Temperature Change temperature Optics or electric/magnetic field Change illumination pattern 3.3V T 1 = 27CT 2 = 125C CS 1 0V CS 2 3.3V 1.2V

24. 24 When Vm changes from 3.3V to 0V the function changes from AND to OR AND (Vm = 0V) OR (Vm = 3.3V) Polymorphic circuit Response Evolved AND/OR polymorphic gate controlled by dedicated signal

25. 25 Evolved OR/XOR/AND polymorphic gate with multi-level control Specs: - Use control input V morph -OR if Vm= 0V -XOR if Vm =1.5V -AND if Vm = 3.3V Convergence A single multi-level signal Vm controls three functional instances. Solution is rather compact. OR (Vm = 0V) XOR (Vm = 1.5V) AND (Vm= 3.3V) Polymorphic circuitResponse

26. 26 Original specifications: - AND gate for Vdd = 1.2V; - OR gate for Vdd = 3.3V; - Load C = 50pf - 8 transistors AND/OR polymorphic gate with supply voltage (VDD) control OR : V DD = 3.3V ms AND : V DD = 1.2 ms

27. 27 Silicon tested polymorphic circuit NAND gate response NOR gate response

28. 28 New Map: Elementary unit of function-changing (reconfigurable) devices Digital FPGA (commercial) Context-switching FPGA (research) –cell memory Analog FPAA (commercial) –Op Amp FPTA (research) Transistor Polymorphic cell Would work also with novel materials/devices without good switch characteristics! This would enable function-changing (without switches)

29. 29 PIC Architecture