1. Review for Final Use with Review Sheet

2. World War I 1914-1918

3. Causes of WWI (MAIN) ●Militirism- arms races ●Alliances- Entangling Alliances- one spark would cause all of Europe to go to war ●Imperialism- Race for colonies- led to friction amongst the major powers ●Nationalism- Extreme pride in country (France v Germany) or wanting you own nation (Slavic Nations in Austria-Hungary) ●Franz Ferdinand- second in line to Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination was the spark that led to WWI

4. The Western Front ●Used Trenches to fight. Machine Guns are the main killer ●No Man’s Land- area between the trenches, bombed out, dead bodies

5. The End of Empires Two Empires are broken up following WWI: Ottoman Empire (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Palestine…) & Austria-Hungary (Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland)

6. Treaty of Versailles (1919) ●Big Four Leaders -Clemenceau- France -George- England -Wilson- USA -Orlando- Italy ●Ended WWI ●War Guilt Clause- Germany at fault for WWI Effects of Germany: 1.Loss of Colonies & Land in Europe 2.Limited Military 3.Pay Reparations 4.Germans will hate treaty- start going against it immediately 5.Will destabilize Germany’s Economy & Government

7. 1917-1923 The Russian Revolution

8. Causes of Revolution 1.Ineptitude of Czar Nicholas II 2.Urban Workers (Problems of Industrial Revolution) 3.Peasants (Lack of Food & Land) 4.World War I Events 1.Bloody Sunday- Czars troops open fire on protesters demanding food 2.March Revolution- Started with protests against Czar, Czar will eventually abdicate 3.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -Treaty between Germany and Lenin’s Russia- Russia gave up a lot of land, but could focus on the Revolution Causes & Events

9. Nicholas II ●Was Czar/Tsar of Russia ●Very Weak ●Forced to Abdicate- step down due to: -Russian failures in WWI -Rise of the Bolsheviks -People didn’t like his rule Lenin ●Leader of the Bolshevik Communists ●“Peace, Land, Bread” Main Slogan of Lenin -Peace- out of WWI -Land- give land to peasants -Bread- Feed the Hungary Nicholas & Lenin

10. Between the Wars 1918-1939

11. India & Great Depression India ●British Colony ●Gandhi- Indian Independence Leader -Practiced Non-Violence: -Hunger Strikes -Boycott British Goods -Non-Violent Marches Great Depression (1929-1939) ●Caused by Stock Market Crash of 1929 ●Plunged Global Economies into Depression ●Destabilized governments- led to many dictatorships

12. ●Fascism- a dictatorial, ultra- nationalistic, imperialists, anti- communist & racist type of Government. Started in Italy. Used by Nazi Germany also ●Totalitarianism- Type of government that tries to control all aspects of your life (Common in dictatorships like Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany & Stalin’s Soviet Union) Ethiopia- Italy invades in 1930s to show its aggression. Italy

13. ●Weimar Republic- German Republic following WWI. Very Weak & unstable. Hated by Germans ●Hitler’s Rise to Power -Use German hatred of Versailles - Problems in Germany- economy -Named Chancellor in 1933 ●Appeasement: Giving in to an aggressor to keep the peace -Used by Western Allies with Hitler Germany

14. 1939-1945 World War II

15. Axis Germany Japan Italy (Until 1943) Allies USA Great Britain Soviet Union...many others The Sides

16. ●Anti-Semitism is common in Europe ●Jews in Germany lose all rights under the Nazis ●Holocaust- use of extermination camps to murder over six million Jews -Also called “Final Solution” ●Liberation- name given to the freeing of the concentration & extermination camps by the allies ●Crimes Against Humanity- charge leveled against the Nazis at the Nuremberg Trials following WWII. Purposely killing civilians for no military reason. The Holocaust

17. War Starts with the Invasion of Poland in 1939 End of War: Europe: Destroyed, Soviets Occupy Eastern Europe, US Western Europe Japan: Ends after two Atomic bombs are dropped Emperor goes from being god-like to a “normal” constitutional monarch Start & End of WWII

18. The Cold War 1945?-1989

19. Cold War ●Between US & USSR, “cold” because we are not directly fighting each other- war would be too destructive due to atomic weapons ●Atomic Weapons & Arms Race- both US & USSR develop more & stronger atomic weapons ●MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) ●NATO: Alliance between US & Western European nations against Soviet Aggression ●Warsaw Pact: Formed by Soviets due to fear of invasion by the Western Allies. Used by Soviets to keep satellites under control ●Satellites: Eastern European nations occupied by Soviets in WWII. Controlled by Soviets during Cold War. Main focus area of Soviet Union during Cold War

20. ●Invasion of Czechoslovakia & Hungary- both by Soviets to stop satellites from leaving & to increase Soviet strength in eastern europe ●Berlin Wall- built to separate East & West Berlin. When it fell in 1989 this symbolized the end of the Cold War & the end of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe ●Tiananmen Square- a place where Chinese students were calling for more rights in 1989. Brutally crushed by Chinese government ●Israel- Jewish nation supported by US during the Cold War ●Arab States- supported by Soviets during Cold War- against Israel ●South America- US will intervene to stop any threat of communism ●Non-Alignment- neutral. Be left alone. Receive aid from both USSR & USA. Led by India & Yugoslavia Cold War continued

21. Ethnic Conflicts

22. ●Decolonization starts because of the decline of the European powers after WWII ●Partition of India- India is split due to religious reasons (Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan) -India will have many conflicts with Pakistan and China over it’s borders ●Apartheid -Used in South Africa by the Minority Whites -Used to deprive Black Africans the right to vote and other human rights -Will be ended in 1994 Decolonization after WWII

23. -Genocide: Targeting a group for extermination. We have studied Many: -Armenian Genocide -Holocaust -Pol Pot in Cambodia -Rwandan Genocide -Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia Genocide

24. ●PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) -Group started to fight for Palestinian independence from Israel - Was a terrorist group for most of its history -Many terrorist groups say they are formed to gain liberation for the Palestinians ●Terrorism- use of random violence usually against civilian targets ●Islamic Fundamentalism - A return to Islam’s roots (Traditional Teaching) -Very Harsh -Removing all “western” ideals - Women have few rights -Used in Iran & Taliban’s Afghanistan Middle East