1. A New Artificial Intelligence 1 Kevin Warwick

2. Real AI We want to study afresh what artificial intelligence is all about We want to study afresh what artificial intelligence is all about We will look at what intelligence is We will look at what intelligence is We will look at Classical AI We will look at Classical AI We will look at different forms of AI We will look at different forms of AI Key is to open your mind to the different possibilities for intelligence Key is to open your mind to the different possibilities for intelligence Try to not be human-centric. Try to not be human-centric.

3. Intelligence What is intelligence in humans? What is intelligence in humans? What is intelligence in animals? What is intelligence in animals? What is intelligence in machines? What is intelligence in machines? Important aspects of mental make up must be considered - myths chopped down to size. Important aspects of mental make up must be considered - myths chopped down to size. What is the intelligence of a spider? What is the intelligence of a spider? How would an alien regard human intelligence? How would an alien regard human intelligence? Subjective nature of intelligence is important. Subjective nature of intelligence is important.

4. ‘Intelligence’ Definitions New English Dictionary,1932, “The exercise of understanding: intellectual power: acquired knowledge: quickness of intellect.” New English Dictionary,1932, “The exercise of understanding: intellectual power: acquired knowledge: quickness of intellect.” Macmillan Encyclopedia,1995, “Intelligence is the ability to reason and to profit by experience. An individual’s level of intelligence is determined by a complex interaction between their heredity and environment.” Macmillan Encyclopedia,1995, “Intelligence is the ability to reason and to profit by experience. An individual’s level of intelligence is determined by a complex interaction between their heredity and environment.”

5. Human Intelligence? In 1900’s, Binet (inventor of the IQ test) picked judgement, common sense, initiative and adaptability as “essential ingredients of intelligence”. In 1900’s, Binet (inventor of the IQ test) picked judgement, common sense, initiative and adaptability as “essential ingredients of intelligence”. Intelligence has even been linked with spiritual awareness or emotions. Intelligence has even been linked with spiritual awareness or emotions. Intelligence in humans is not the only intelligence. Intelligence in humans is not the only intelligence. Comparing intellectual ability between humans - standard tests of one type or another are useful. Comparing intellectual ability between humans - standard tests of one type or another are useful. We must consider intelligence in a broader sense. We must consider intelligence in a broader sense.

6. Animal Intelligence Intelligence involves communication, planning and (possibly) initiative, reasoning and quickness of intellect. Intelligence involves communication, planning and (possibly) initiative, reasoning and quickness of intellect. We can consider human versions of these, but let’s also consider other animals! We can consider human versions of these, but let’s also consider other animals!

7. Bee Intelligence Bees exhibit individual behaviors in a tightly knit society. Bees exhibit individual behaviors in a tightly knit society. Communicate with a dance Communicate with a dance Bee returns from pollen collection it wiggles its bottom and moves in a straight line Bee returns from pollen collection it wiggles its bottom and moves in a straight line Distance moved is proportional to the distance of the pollen source - angle moved is angle between the source and the sun Distance moved is proportional to the distance of the pollen source - angle moved is angle between the source and the sun

8. Spider Intelligence Over 30,000 species of spider, each with its own specialties. Over 30,000 species of spider, each with its own specialties. Water spiders live in ponds and build an air filled diving bell out of silk. Water spiders live in ponds and build an air filled diving bell out of silk. Wait, underwater, for prey - shrimps Wait, underwater, for prey - shrimps Then the spider pounces - delivers a fatal bite - pulls the prey into its lair - devours it. Then the spider pounces - delivers a fatal bite - pulls the prey into its lair - devours it.

9. Learning + Tools Many creatures have been witnessed learning. Many creatures have been witnessed learning. An octopus is trained to choose between objects - a second (watching) octopus can then carry out the exact same decision making process An octopus is trained to choose between objects - a second (watching) octopus can then carry out the exact same decision making process Many creatures use tools. Many creatures use tools. Herons drop morsels of food into water where fish are ‘expected’ to be. When the fish swims to take the bait, the heron catches it. Herons drop morsels of food into water where fish are ‘expected’ to be. When the fish swims to take the bait, the heron catches it.

10. Brain Size Direct comparisons can be made in terms of brain size, numbers of brain cells and complexity. Direct comparisons can be made in terms of brain size, numbers of brain cells and complexity. A human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons - a sea slug’s brain has 8 or 9 neurons. A human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons - a sea slug’s brain has 8 or 9 neurons. Brain size can be used to ‘prove’ all sorts of results. Brain size can be used to ‘prove’ all sorts of results. Germany, 1911 - min requirement for a professor, head circumference of 52 cms. Used to discriminate against women. A medical physicist of the time said “We do not have to ask for the head circumference of women of genius – they do not exist.” Germany, 1911 - min requirement for a professor, head circumference of 52 cms. Used to discriminate against women. A medical physicist of the time said “We do not have to ask for the head circumference of women of genius – they do not exist.” Gustave Le Bon noted that women have brains closer in size to gorillas than to those of men! Gustave Le Bon noted that women have brains closer in size to gorillas than to those of men!

11. Political Correctness These serve as examples of using a measure to come to a desired conclusion These serve as examples of using a measure to come to a desired conclusion This must be avoided in studying intelligence, yet it appears time and time again This must be avoided in studying intelligence, yet it appears time and time again Also - We should not overlook observable differences because they are not politically correct – Race/Yerkes! Also - We should not overlook observable differences because they are not politically correct – Race/Yerkes!

12. Sensing & Movement Intelligence also depends on how a brain senses and activates things in the world. Intelligence also depends on how a brain senses and activates things in the world. Humans sense approx 5% of the signals Humans sense approx 5% of the signals If another being senses the world differently they are not better or worse, merely different. If another being senses the world differently they are not better or worse, merely different. It is wrong to say that a creature or machine is stupid because it cannot make a cup of tea (Tylden) – this is a human task. Only in comparing humans should such a task even be considered as some measure. It is wrong to say that a creature or machine is stupid because it cannot make a cup of tea (Tylden) – this is a human task. Only in comparing humans should such a task even be considered as some measure.

13. What is Intelligence? Mental processes sufficient for life. Mental processes sufficient for life. Ability to make appropriate and timely choices – Ross Ashby. Ability to make appropriate and timely choices – Ross Ashby. ‘the variety of information processing processes that collectively enable a being to pursue autonomously its survival’ ‘the variety of information processing processes that collectively enable a being to pursue autonomously its survival’

14. Alien View You are an alien inspecting earth from afar. You are an alien inspecting earth from afar. What are the intelligent life forms on earth? What are the intelligent life forms on earth? Vehicles, networks, water, clouds, animals, bacteria, televisions? Vehicles, networks, water, clouds, animals, bacteria, televisions? You might apply some tests based on your own concepts of life form and intelligence. You might apply some tests based on your own concepts of life form and intelligence. On your planet the main sensory input could be infra red signals – so your view of earth may not include humans as an intelligent life form On your planet the main sensory input could be infra red signals – so your view of earth may not include humans as an intelligent life form

15. Life Considering what humans define as the basics of life can lead to strange conclusions. Considering what humans define as the basics of life can lead to strange conclusions. E.g. nutrition, excretion, movement, growth, irritability, respiration, production. E.g. nutrition, excretion, movement, growth, irritability, respiration, production. From an alien standpoint a communications network satisfies these qualities. It could be concluded that a complex global networked intelligence is being served by small drone like simple beings, with smaller brains – humans From an alien standpoint a communications network satisfies these qualities. It could be concluded that a complex global networked intelligence is being served by small drone like simple beings, with smaller brains – humans

16. Subjective Intelligence What we regard as being an intelligent act, and what not, is very subjective What we regard as being an intelligent act, and what not, is very subjective Human centred – e.g. jokes Human centred – e.g. jokes Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense Animal centred – bat’s ultrasonic sense Machine centred – maths, memory Machine centred – maths, memory

17. Subjectivity - examples When a puppy walks by the side of a person, this can be considered to be an intelligent thing When a puppy walks by the side of a person, this can be considered to be an intelligent thing Maybe the puppy is satisfying a programme Maybe the puppy is satisfying a programme When a human can rapidly calculate maths or remember facts these can be regarded as intelligent acts – or they could be regarded as entertainment When a human can rapidly calculate maths or remember facts these can be regarded as intelligent acts – or they could be regarded as entertainment Between species - big problem of comparison. Between species - big problem of comparison.

18. Use science not fashion Between humans we need to retain a scientific basis for our analysis rather than pamper to social stereotypes. Between humans we need to retain a scientific basis for our analysis rather than pamper to social stereotypes. Why is knowledge about politics, classical music or fine art more indicative of intelligence than knowledge about soccer, pop music or pornography? Why is knowledge about politics, classical music or fine art more indicative of intelligence than knowledge about soccer, pop music or pornography?

19. Mozart? Why does playing music by Mozart to a baby in the womb make the baby more intelligent, whereas playing Rolling Stones music is dangerous? Why does playing music by Mozart to a baby in the womb make the baby more intelligent, whereas playing Rolling Stones music is dangerous? Is there any scientific basis at all for such conclusions? No. Where are the conclusive scientific studies that have shown these things to be so? There are none. Is there any scientific basis at all for such conclusions? No. Where are the conclusive scientific studies that have shown these things to be so? There are none.

20. Social Bias A social bias runs through human educational systems - results in values associated with subjects A social bias runs through human educational systems - results in values associated with subjects An individual can be regarded as being stupid because they do not know a particular fact, cannot carry out a mathematical calculation or deal with some aspect of everyday life. An individual can be regarded as being stupid because they do not know a particular fact, cannot carry out a mathematical calculation or deal with some aspect of everyday life. But this merely represents one aspect of their intelligence But this merely represents one aspect of their intelligence

21. Species Bias Humans use the same approach to make comparisons with other creatures or machines. Humans use the same approach to make comparisons with other creatures or machines. We do not give value to non-human abilities, because we do not understand them We do not give value to non-human abilities, because we do not understand them We give value to animals (or machines!) copying some aspect of human abilities – Dolphins are intelligent because they do tricks - sharks are ‘mindless’ killing machines because humans do not share the same values as a shark. We give value to animals (or machines!) copying some aspect of human abilities – Dolphins are intelligent because they do tricks - sharks are ‘mindless’ killing machines because humans do not share the same values as a shark.

22. Comparisons When assessing the intelligence of a machine, if we wish to claim that it is not as good as a human, we can make comparisons of the machine’s abilities in a field in which humans perform well When assessing the intelligence of a machine, if we wish to claim that it is not as good as a human, we can make comparisons of the machine’s abilities in a field in which humans perform well We can compare human abilities with a machine in a field in which the machine performs well – but the result is not so good for humans, so we don’t do it We can compare human abilities with a machine in a field in which the machine performs well – but the result is not so good for humans, so we don’t do it

23. End Points Intelligence is subjective Intelligence is subjective Need a broader view Need a broader view Consider intelligence in animals Consider intelligence in animals For AI we do not just wish to compare machines with humans – we must remember animal intelligence For AI we do not just wish to compare machines with humans – we must remember animal intelligence

24. Next Human Intelligence! Human Intelligence!

25. Contact Information Web site: www.kevinwarwick.com Web site: www.kevinwarwick.comwww.kevinwarwick.com Email: k.warwick@reading.ac.uk Email: k.warwick@reading.ac.ukk.warwick@reading.ac.uk Tel:2-2435-7299 Tel:2-2435-7299