1. The Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why
Petra Formanová
Daniela Jiroutová
Petra Kliková
Kateřina Lípová
Matěj Mareš

2. Linguistic Style Talking is characterised by:
Certain tone of voice
Certain rate of speed
Certain degree of loudness
Features of talking include:
Directness or indirectness
Pacing and pausing
Word choice
Use of jokes, figures of speech, stories, questions and apologies
In other words, linguistic style is a set of culturally learned signals by which we not only communicate what we mean but also interpret other´s meaning and evaluate one another as people.

3. The Role of self-confidence
Judgment about confidence is based on how people present themselves when talking
The way we talk and listen is influenced by cultural experience
Women have often learned different styles of speaking than men
Poslední věta (na kterou bude pak navazovat další slide  What´s „natural“ for most men speaking a given language is, in some cases, different from what´s „natural“ for most women.

4. Girls vs. Boys
Girls tend to learn conversational rituals that focus on the rapport dimension of relationships whereas boys tend to learn rituals that focus on the status dimension.

5. Girls
Girls tend to play with a single best friend or in small groups, and they spend a lot of time talking
They use language to negotiate how close they are
A group of girls will ostractize a girl who calls attention to her own superiority and criticize her
E.g. A girl who tells everyone what to do is called „bossy“
Poznamka k 2: The girl you tell your secrets to becomes your best friend.

6. Boys Usually play in larger groups in which more boys can be
included, but not everyone is treated equally
Boys with high status in their group are usually seen as the leaders
They learn to use language to negotiate their status in the group by displaying their abilities and knowledge, and by challenging others and resisting challenges

7. Getting Credit
Even such a small thing as choice of pronoun can decide on who gets the credit (Me x I)
Man tend to use „I“ when talking about what they have done, whereas woman usually say „we“ eventhough they have done it by themselves
Credit is automatically given to the person using „I“

8. Confidence and Boasting
Confidence is judged by an individual´s behavior, especially verbal behavior
Woman again are at a disadvantage
They uderestimate themselves in public so as not to seem boastful, eventhough they know that they are just as good as man
These habits result from from the socialization of boys and girls by their
peers in childhood play

9. Asking Questions
Asking the right questions is one of the hallmarks of a good manager how and when questions are asked can send unintended signals about competence and power
Along with cultural influences and individual personality, gender seems to play a role in whether and when people ask questions
E.g. Asking for directions while driving – men seem less likely to ask than women
But asking too many questions can make a person look like a fool

10. Conversational Rituals
Conversation is fundamentally ritual in the sense that we speak in ways our culture has conventionalized and expect certain types of responses
E.g. „How are you?“ is obviously a ritualized way to start conversation rather than a request for information

11. Apologies
Women tend to say I´m sorry more frequently than men, and often they intend it in this way - as a ritualized means of expressing concern
Ritual apologies
like other conversational rituals - work well when both parties share the same assumptions about their use

12. Feedback Styles of giving feedback contain a ritual element that
often causes misunderstanding

13. Compliments Common ritual to exchange compliments Women
More often done between women (kind of automatic recognition, not expecting a critique) x fewer men are likely to ask because it can lead to an unwanted critique
Men
Men looking for an opportunity to put others down and take the one-up position for themselves (women in contrast – self-degradation - but expecting sb. to pull them back up)

14. Ritual Opposition
Rituals like apologizing, miting criticism with praise and exchanging compliments that are taken literally
Ritual fight – an exploration through verbal communication, finding own weaknesses and testing ideas (one moment collegues shouting to each other, a while after best friends),
→ ritual opposition as a tool for expressing potential and strenghts (sometimes used by companies as a confontational interviewing technique)

15. Negotiating Authority
Formal authority coming from position
Actual authority has to be negotiated day to day (reinforcing or undercutting an effort)
Indirectness
Tendency to say what we mean without spelling it out
Can couse enomorous misunderstanding
2nd in command are more likely to express themselves indirectly
INDIRECTNESS
Tendency to say what we mean without spelling it out:
It s a fundamenal and prevasive element in human communicatio
It can cause enomorous missunderstanding
It deepends on the habits anfd expectations
WOMEN: telling others what to do
MEN: push around the on-down possition

16. Negotiating Authority
Managing Up and Down
Women
do a great job is not the only one necessary to do for rewarding and authority
women as bosses are more concerned about the other‘s feelings – downplaying rather then flaunting their superiority)
Men
People have to promote themselves (men)
Communication, conversation with the boss

17. Thank you for your attention!