1. Chapter 13 Water: A Fragile Resource http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/uscities/contents.asp http://water.usgs.gov/ http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ny/nwis/rt http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/mearth.html

5. Water: A Fragile Resource Approximately 3/4 th’s of the Earth’s surface is comprised of water. Only 2.5% is available as fresh water

6. The Hydrologic Cycle and Our Supply of Fresh Water Hydrologic Cycle: the pathway of water through the environment.

7. Hydrologic Cycle

8. A. Properties of Water High heat capacity High dissolving ability (the universal solvent) Water is a polar molecule Hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules. Adhesion: H 2 O molecules bonded to other materials. Cohesion: H 2 O molecules bonded to each other.

10. Composition of 1 Kg of Sea water

11. Distribution of water on the Earth

12. Major Uses of Water on the Earth Irrigation- 68.3 % Industry- 23.1 % Domestic & Municipal consumption- 8.6%

13. Water Problems in the United States Surface Water is fresh water found in streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and wetlands. (renewable resource) Wetlands: areas covered with water for at least part of the year. Wetlands serve as sponges and act like the kidneys of an ecosystem. (filtration) Surface waters are replenished by runoff of precipitation from the land. A. Surface Water

14. The area of land drained by a single river is its drainage basin. Watershed: the entire river system including the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Water Problems in the United States

15. Groundwater occurs in aquifers, underground concentrations of water in caverns and porous layers of rock. (Percolates to an impenetrable layer.) Unconfined aquifers: have porous layers of rock above them. The upper limit of an unconfined aquifer is the water table. The rock layers above are porous Confined Aquifers (artesian aquifer): have impermeable layers of rock above them. The water in a confined aquifer is trapped (sandwiched between impermeable layers) and is often under pressure. Water Problems in the United States

17. Coldspring Harbor Fish Hatchery

22. Flooding occurs as a result of too much fresh water entering an area. Flood damage is exacerbated by the deforestation of hillsides & mountains and by the development

23. How development changes the natural flow

24. Flooding Flood damage is exacerbated by the deforestation of hillsides & mountains and by the development of flood plains. Flood Plains: areas bordering a river that are subject to flooding. (fertile crescent, Nile, Amazon, Yellow river)

25. Case in Point: The Floods of 1993 Severe flooding of nine Midwestern states which is considered by many to be the worst flood in U.S. History. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html

27. Straightened river

29. Water Resource Problems Although there is enough fresh water to support life on earth, it is not evenly distributed. Some areas are barely able to support human life because of the shortage of water.

30. Water Resource Problems I. Aquifer Depletion: human removal of more groundwater than can be recharged by precipitation of melting snow. Aquifer depletion from porous rocks can cause subsidence (sinking land.) Saltwater intrusion is the movement of seawater into a freshwater aquifer.

32. Water Resource Problems II. Salinization: the accumulation of salt in the soil due to evaporation. (irrigation) Salinization results in a decline in productivity of agricultural soil.

33. Groundwater “Lower 48” water budget

34. http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/html/11br/english/report/

36. Population Growth and Water Problems Many areas in the United States have severe water shortages. Population growth in California, Nevada, Arizona, & Florida has placed great demands on water supplies. Mono lake in eastern California has surface water diverted to Los Angeles, lowering its water level & increasing its salinity.

37. Mono Lake http://www.monolake.org/naturalhistory/stats.htm

38. Population Growth and Water Problems In 1994 California decided that Mon Lake would be returned to its original level. Los Angeles will develop reclaimed water, treated wastewater that is reused in some way, to replace water supplies from Mono Lake.

40. Population Growth and Water Problems Colorado river basin is seriously over-diverted for human consumption. The lower Colorado supplies water to Tucson & Phoenix AZ, and to San Diego and Los Angeles CA. Recent population growth in the upper Colorado region ( Colorado, Utah, & Wyoming) threatens the lower Colorado’s water supply. The amount of water available from the Colorado River for Mexico, is insufficient according to international standards.

41. Population Growth and Water Problems The Ogallala Aquifer on the High Plains is the largest groundwater deposit in the world. The depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation has lowered the water table in some places by more than 30m. Water experts (Hydrologists) predict that groundwater in the Ogallala Aquifer will eventually drop to a level that is uneconomical to pump.

43. Global Water Problems The distribution of water resources in relation to human populations exacerbates global water problems. People in many developing countries lack access to to safe drinking water (potable) and wastewater disposal. 1.4 billion people lack potable water globally. 2.9 billion lack proper wastewater disposal. W.H.O Population growth is outstripping water supplies in countries such as India, China, & Mexico.

44. Stable Runoff The portion of runoff from precipitation that is available throughout the year. This amount can be quite low as in India where 90% of the annual rain falls between June to September. Most of this quickly drains away.

45. Global Water Problems The Aral Sea in Kazakhstan has been over-diverted for irrigation of farmland. Once the world’s 4 th largest freshwater lake, the Aral Sea has declined in area by 50%. Airborne salt from the dry lake bed may be adversely affecting the health of millions of people living near the Aral Sea. International tensions over water rights could result in armed conflicts. Of particular concern are the Mekong River, Indus River, Ganges River, Tigris- Euphrates River, Jordan River, & the Nile River.

47. Providing a Sustainable Water Supply The long-term goal of water management is to provide a sustainable supply of high quality water, not to provide water in limitless supply. Sustainable Water Use: means that humans can use water resources into the future without harming the functioning of the hydrologic cycle or ecosystems.

48. Providing a Sustainable Water Supply Dams ensure a year-round supply of water in areas that have seasonal precipitation or snowmelt. Many people think that the drawbacks of dams outweigh any benefits they provide. The Columbia River has more than 100 dams. The river is used for shipping, hydroelectric power, municipal and industrial water, recreational sports, and commercial fishing. Dam impoundments along the Columbia River have adversely affected salmon populations.

49. Case in Point: The Columbia River

50. Providing a Sustainable Water Supply The Missouri River has been embroiled in a heated battle over water rights, particularly use of the water stored in upstream reservoirs. Water diversion is sometimes used to increase the supply of water to a particular area. Water is transported via aqueducts. The Central Arizona Project pumps water from the Colorado River to Phoenix and Tucson, AZ. Water diversion concentrates pollutants in the remaining water & harms fishes & other organisms.

51. Water diversion in California

52. Providing a Sustainable Water Supply Desalinization (desalination): the removal of salt from seawater or salty groundwater. Distillation: heating salt water until water evaporates, leaving behind salt, the steam is then condensed and collected. Reverse Osmosis: an economical form of desalinization that forces salt water through a semi permeable membrane.

53. Water Conservation Water conservation measures can make the present supply adequate, as opposed to trying to increase the available amount of water. Agriculture (irrigation) is the single largest user of water. Although irrigation increases agricultural productivity, it can contribute to water pollution, soil salinization, & depletion of water supplies. Micro irrigation (drip or trickle irrigation) a water conservation method using small holes and subterranean piped to deliver water directly to root systems.

54. Water Conservation Field leveling can also cut agricultural water consumption. After agriculture, the 2 largest users of water are industry and domestic/municipal water use. Water Conservation, including recycling and reuse, can reduce both industrial and municipal water consumption. Xeriscaping: using rocks and plants that require little to no water in landscaping. Xero= dry (think Xerox dry copies)

57. Success in the Rhine ICPR International Commission for the Protections of the Rhine. 1986 30 tons of dye, pesticides & Hg spilled in the river. Today the Rhine is almost pure, Atlantic Salmon have returned after a 30 year hiatus.

59. Largest Natural Lakes Caspian Sea143,250 Sq.mi. Lake Superior31,700 Sq. mi Lake Victoria26,828 Sq.mi Lake Huron23,000 Sq.mi Lake Michigan22,300 Sq.mi Aral Sea15,500 Sq.mi Lake Tanganyika12,700 Sq.mi Lake Baikal12,162 Sq.mi Great Bear Lake12,046 Sq.mi Lake Nyase11,100 Sq.mi Salt