1. Internet Searching and Evaluating Websites (Basic Course: Module 2)

2. Table of Contents Gateways, Search Engines, Databases Google vs. (Google) Scholar vs. PubMed Boolean searching Advanced searching Evaluating Web Sites

3. Gateway a node or network that serves as an entrance to another network organize information in a structured way in general or subject categories examples: WHO A-Z health topics list www.who.int/topics/en/ Essential Health Links www.healthnet.org/essential-links/ HINARI/AGORA/OARE/ARDI

4. Search Engine a program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of documents uses software that allows search and retrieval of information that usually returns the results in some ranked order based on relevance on the Internet, utilizes automated robotics to gather and index information examples Google www.google.com Google Scholar (more academic) www.scholar.google.com Yahoo www.yahoo.com

5. This is how Google presents the results of your HINARI search. The most relevant cite is organized into sections.

6. Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. You can search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations.

7. HINARI INARI HINARI1` In Google Scholar, the HINARI results are either an article about the program or one with HINARI being the author’s name.

8. We have displayed the Advanced Scholar Search option of Google Scholar. Note the various options for refining a search and also that you can change the number of results per page.

9. Database a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer can quickly select desired pieces of data an electronic filing system with search tools traditional databases are organized by fields, records and files example: PubMed - a free search tool to over 23 million citations http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

11. Google (search engine) Advantages Searches articles, books and webpages Has advanced search options Can limit search by dates, document types, language, domain and more Disadvantages No indexing terms Huge retrieval of almost any topic No ability to select citations for downloading or printing Built in relevancy ranking based on times cited Cannot limit to journal articles

12. Google Scholar (search engine) Advantages Searches journals, books and more academic sources Can download individual citations into bibliographic managers Contains citing information with links to sources citing a specific term Disadvantages No indexing terms Huge retrieval of almost any topic No ability to select citations for downloading or printing Built in relevancy ranking based on times cited that… May result in bias toward older literature

13. PubMed (database) Advantages Well indexed using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Can 'explode' terms Contains 5,419 current journals in health sciences Includes citations of e- journals prior to publication Can download info to bibliographic managers Can select citations to download or print Disadvantages Access limited almost exclusively to basic and health sciences journals that are indexed in the database Does not search full- text of articles

14. Search: hospital infections and developing countries (performed 03 January 2013) Google: 29,800,000 citations; first citation – December 2010; World Health Organization www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/burden_hcai/en in 1 st 100 articles, no 2013 citations listed Google Scholar: 714,000 citations; first citation – March 2005; The Lancet #6 citations published in 2013 PubMed: 4523; first citation – December 2013; Current Pharmacological Biotechnology; articles ‘sorted by recently added’ date

15. Why Search Strategy is Important? Health care includes the provision of information to consumers or professionals (reliable, accurate, up-to- date) Information explosion- billions of documents in the WWW; hard to find the ‘needle in the hay stack’ and know which source is best for a specific situation; Evidence-Based Medicine - clinicians are not using enough evidence in practice Systematic search strategy should be adopted when dealing with clinical questions to avoid ‘information malpractice’

17. Example (Steps 1-4) 1.Ask: What health problems are associated with water pollution? 2.Need: scholarly primary research 3.Main Concepts: health, water, pollution 4.Select terms: –Broader terms: ‘health’, environmental degradation’, ‘agricultural management’, –Synonyms: health, illness, disease, etc. water, rivers, lakes, sea, domestic water, etc. pollution, ‘oil spills’, chemical, biological, toxicity, etc –Alternative spellings: none –Plurals: river(s), lake(s), disease(s) –Capitals: e.g. name of a specific lake, disease, region

18. Types Source

19. Tertiary Sources ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Easy accessLag Time Ease of useOutdated ConciseIncomplete information Relatively inexpensiveIncorrect interpretation ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Rapid access to the primary literatureLag time Generally high standard journalsCommand language varies Ability to perform complex searchesProficient search skills are needed Routine updates on selected topics (alerts) Can be expensive Secondary Sources Primary Sources ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES Original dataLarge volume data Unbiased informationTime consuming Select a Source (Step 5)

20. Search Construction

21. Boolean (Search) Operators connect terms and locate records containing matching terms inserted in a search box – AND, OR, NOT AND, NOT operators are processed in a left- to right sequence. These are processed first before the OR operators OR operators are also processed from left- to-right

22. AND Operator (to combine two concepts and narrow a search) the AND operator is used to combine two concepts e.g. hip AND fracture – in the shaded area; retrieves items containing all the search terms

25. AND Operator (to combine three concepts) the AND operator is used to combine three concepts e.g. hip AND fracture AND elderly – in the shaded area.

28. OR Operator (info containing one or other term; will broaden a search) renal OR kidney – in the shaded area with the overlap in the middle having both search terms; retrieves items containing either search term or both search terms

31. NOT Operator (in one term or the other - will narrow a search) pig NOT guinea – in the shaded area; eliminates items in 2 nd term (guinea) or both terms

34. Other search engine functions Phrase or proximity searching: “…” or (…) – allows you to search for an exact phrase “information literacy” prevention and (malaria parasite) Truncation/wildcards: * or $ –allow you to search alternative spellings child* for child OR childs OR children parasite* for parasite OR parasites Alternate spellings: ? –can be used to substitute for characters anywhere in a word wom ? n would search for “woman” and “women”

35. Africa AND (HIV OR tuberculosis) HIV tuberculosis Africa Africa AND (HIV or tuberculosis) – in the shaded area The (OR) operator retains items in each term and the AND operator is used to combine two concepts

37. More Search Techniques Field Specific Searching –author, title, journal, date, url, etc. Language Restrictions, Humans or Animals, Gender and other limits (discussed in HINARI Basic Course – PubMed Filters) Relevancy Ranking –a grading that gives extra weight to a document when the search terms appear in the headline or are capitalized –every found document is calculated as 100% multiply by the angle formed by weights vector for request and weights vector for document found

38. Evaluating Web Information Criteria for Evaluation -Accuracy -Authority -Currency -Coverage -Objectivity -Design/Navigation Criteria for evaluating Health Information www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/evaluatinghealthinformation.html

39. Website accrediting organization

40. Google Search: Dengue Fever This is the 1 st page of a Dengue Fever Google Search. Looking at the URLs, some sites are very relevant (CDC, WHO), some marginal (Wikipedia) and others not useful (Dengue Fever Music.

41. ‘Misled by the Web’ Use of the Internet to determine whether the medication pregnant women are taking or are about to take is safe for an unborn baby. Study of “safe lists for medications in pregnancy” websites found 25 that contained inconsistencies and false reassurances or alarms based on “inadequate evidence.” “Among medications approved for use in the U.S.A. from 2000 to 2010, over 79% had no published human data on which to assess teratogenic risk (potential to cause birth defects), and 98% had insufficient published data to characterize such risk.”.

42. 25 Web sites characterized 245 medications as “safe” for use by pregnant women, which “might encourage use of medications during pregnancy even when they are not necessary.” Online was sometimes contradictory. “Twenty- two of the products listed as safe by one or more sites were stated not to be safe by one or more of the other sites.” Safe lists for medications in pregnancy: inadequate evidence base and inconsistent guidance from Web-based information, 2011. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 29 Jan 2013 (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in an issue)

43. Search Strategy material developed by: Irena Bond, Library Manager Associate Professor of Library and Learning Resources Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences This is the end of HINARI Basic Course Module 2 There is a Work Book to accompany this part of the module. The workbook will take you through a live session covering the topics included in this demonstration with working examples. Updated 2014 07