1. INTRO TO ENTERPRISE DATABASES - I Dr. Chandra Amaravadi Western Illinois University 1

2. IN THIS PRESENTATION.. Basic concepts: data and info, entity, attr, pkey, file, record Need for databases Historical approach to data Definitions Database organization Importance of databases/Organizational importance DBMS and DBMS activities and functions Course features 2

3. WHAT IS INFORMATION? 3

4. DEFINING DATA AND INFORMATION Data: Data consists of raw facts e.g. 2982034 Information: collection of data; data presented in context; elaboration. USA 46 29 29 104 China 38 27 23 88 Russia 24 26 32 82 Great Britain 29 17 19 65 Germany 11 019 14 44 Japan 7 14 17 38 Australia 7 16 12 34 France 11 11 12 34 4

5. DATA VS INFORMATION CountryGoldSilverBronzeTotal USA4629 104 China38272388 Russia24263282 Great Britain29171965 Germany11191444 Japan7141738 Australia7161235 France11 1234 Data becomes information when we ________________ it. 5

6. NEED FOR DATABASES cannot function without information cannot function without information can be a life or death issue can be a life or death issue finding acct balance finding acct balance print transaction history print transaction history order spare parts for MRI machine order spare parts for MRI machine find patient records find patient records needs to be a click away needs to be a click away otherwise, lost sale, lost profits or lost career! otherwise, lost sale, lost profits or lost career! How can we find information when we need it? We live in an information age 6

7. BASIC ORGANIZATION CONCEPTS (Entity, attribute, primary key, file, record) 7

8. INTRODUCING ENTITIES, ECLASSES AND ATTRIBUTES Information is a collection of data usually DESCRIBING something. What does it describe here? How? Name: Steve Nash DOB: 2-7-1980 Profession: Basket ball player Address: 415 Walnut street. 8

9. COLLECTION OF DATA... Acct#: 4555950 Date: 12/5/14 Time: 4:48 pm Merchant: WIU Union Card type: Master Card Issuer: First Bank ______describe a transaction more. Following is another example of information as a collection of data describing a transaction. 9

10. ONE ATTRIBUTE HAS A UNIQUE VALUE Acct#: 4555950 Date: 12/5/14 Time: 4:48 pm Merchant: WIU Union Card type: Master Card Issuer: First Bank The unique attribute is Called a ______________ One of these attributes always has a unique value which one is it? 10

11. ORGANIZATION CONCEPTS What can we say about these two sets of data? Transaction#: 55643 Date: 12/5/14 Time: 4:09 pm Merchant: WIU Union Card type: Master Card Issuer: First Bank Transaction#: 55644 Date: 12/5/14 Time: 4:20 pm Merchant: Vitales Card type: Master Card Issuer: Midwest Bank 11 ____________________________

12. ORGANIZATION CONCEPTS.. Transaction ID Transaction Date Transaction Time Merchant 5564312/05/124:09 pmWIU Union 5564412/05/124:20 pmVitales Transaction#: 55643 Date: 12/5/14 Time: 4:09 pm Merchant: WIU Union Card type: Master Card Issuer: First Bank Data can be organized into a _____ 12 ________

13. DEFINITION OF A FILE.. CBT QUALITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE Meeting Minutes Meeting Date/time: December 2nd, 2:00 p.m. Present: Brad Burke, Ken Dien, Chin Yi, John Smith 1215 Oak Drive $514.00 11/5/14 Mary Ash 415 Ponds $ 56.00 5/9/14 A database ______ is a collection of _______. 13

14. DATABASE 14

15. Example, cars listed in auto-trader Matches played in the olympics Properties owned by a company Books available from Amazon.com DATABASE Database - A shared collection of logically related data designed to meet the needs of multiple users in an organization. DBMS is the software program. 15

16. Primary key Record Attr. values Attributes/field names Structure/schema DATABASE ORGANIZATION PROD#DESCR.PRICEQUANTITY IR888ERefrigerator$1,80020 TS3233Television$6732 Record A database has a structure or schema that organizes the data into attributes. Collections of attribute values become records. A primary key guarantees unique access. 16

17. Database – A group of related files File/table – A group of related records Record – a grouping of related fields Attr. value – value of an attr. e.g. hair color Schema -- This is the structure or logical view of the database (tables and attr.) Primary key – An attribute whose values are unique within a file Secondary key – Any other attribute Database Files/tables Records Attr. values DATABASE ORGANIZATION 17

18. HISTORICAL APPROACH TO DATA 55643 3/02/14 4:09pm WIU Union 55644 5/08/14 4:20pm Vitales 55644 7/05/14 4:20pm Vitales 55646 12/11/14 8:05am Pizza Hut 55643 $25.60 MC WIU Union 55644 $38.00 Visa Vitales 55644 $63.00 Visa Vitales 55646 $55.00 Amex Pizza Hut The historical method of handling data is called file processing File 1 File 2 Instead of storing data centrally in a database, in the file processing approach, the same data was often duplicated in multiple files. 18

19. FILE PROCESSING PROBLEMS What problems did the file processing approach result in? 19

20. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) 20

21. Example Access, Oracle, DB2 What can we do with a DBMS? DBMS DBMS - software program to create, manage and provide controlled access to the data 21

22. DBMS ACTIVITIES & FUNCTIONS Define structure / schema Enter data modify data query data get reports The operations that can be carried out with a DBMS include: 22

23. Define structure/schema DBMS ACTIVITIES & FUNCTIONS Field NameData typeDescriptionLengthDecimals Prod#NumericUnique prod code 60 DescrTextShort prod description 250 PriceCurrencyProduct price62 This is called data definition 23

24. EMPLOYEE DATA ENTRY EMP ID: Label Field Title Data entry form DATA ENTRY NAME: A data entry form allows data to be entered easily. 24

25. ENTERING DATA EMPLOYEE DATA ENTRY EMP ID: 1117 John NAME: The data is entered into the data entry form This is called data entry. Where does the data go to? 25

26. RETRIEVING DATA SQL commands QBE (Query by Example) Reports Data can be obtained from the database in the following ways: 26

27. RETRIEVING DATA THE STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE Each SQL statement has three parts as shown below: SELECT is used to select attributes needed FROM is used to specify the tables from which data is obtained. WHERE is used for including criteria (filter) Select car_id, car_color, car_price, car_mileage From cars Where car_mileage < 100,000 27

28. RETRIEVING DATA.. Employee Write an SQL statement for listing names of employees in finance department. SELECT ?? FROM ?? WHERE ?? This is called query/retrieval. Emp IDEmp NameDepartmentJoin Date 1115John Finance4/9/14 1117Han Sales & Mktg.12/15/14 1120Mary Human Resources 1/19/14 28

29. QUERY BY EXAMPLE A query by example form (QBE) This is also another form of query/retrieval. Emp IDEmp NameDepartmentJoin Date “finance” List names of employees in finance department. Employee 29

30. RETRIEVING DATA: REPORTS.. Reporting resembles COBOL reports Report specification needs to be created Consists of RH, PH, Detail, RF, PF Report is generated from specification We can get data out through queries or reports 30

31. SPECIFYING REPORTS.. RH RH PH Detail Fields PF RF PRODUCT LISTING PRODUCT #DESCR.PRICE Product # Descr.Price Average Price Title Column Headings Footer A report specification 31

32. SUMMARY OF DBMS ACTIVITIES define structure/schema enter data (into table/tables) modify data (not discussed) query data (from table/tables) get reports (from table/tables) Activities with DBMS 32

33. To store and record information e.g. bal, price, grades etc. To retrieve information e.g. check#432 cashed? To report information e.g. daily sales To answer queries e.g. how many shoes were sold? USAGE OF DATABASES Databases are used (operational): To analyze trends Identify sales prospects Advanced uses (Strategic): 33

34. What if a customer wants to return a tie purchased in a store? What if a manager wants to know what products were sold on a particular day? Suppose we have detailed information on each and every transaction in a store, what can we do with that? OPERATIONAL & STRATEGIC USAGE 34

35. THE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE 35

36. THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE How do we know what information we need for the database? 36

37. THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE.. u database planning u database analysis u database design u implementation u support/maintenance The database development cycle parallels the information systems development cycle. 37

38. THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE.. Planning – is concerned with identifying what information will be in the database and the resources that will be required. Analysis – this is concerned with the detailed requirements such as attributes, entity classes as well as with their relationships. Design -- is concerned with creating a database structure that will fulfill the requirements Implementation – this is the phase that is concerned with actually defining the structures, entering data and creating reports. Maintenance – this is concerned with ensuring that the schema, reports etc are up to date and the database is performing well. 38

39. THE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE AND THIS COURSE.. Database environment -- Evolution & environment Database planning -- Enterprise analysis Analysis-- Database analysis Design -- Logical design Design -- Physical design Implementation -- Access, MySQL assignments Support/maintenance -- Database adminstration. 39

40. ABOUT THE COURSE 40

41. COURSE OBJECTIVES Thorough understanding of database concepts Ability to develop ER models Ability to develop database designs Ability to implement databases in PC based systems Ability to write SQL queries Familiarity with database administration issues Ability to analyze database requirements and implement systems for a small organization 41

42. COURSE FEATURES Very concept oriented Database concepts are abstract Participation required! Digressions welcome! Guidelines are very subjective Numerous in-class exercises Reinforcing assignments Need to have a good “schema”! 42

43. COURSE EVALUATION Note: Please refer to your course syllabus for up to date information on the evaluation schedule. EVALUATION ITEMPOINTS Six assignments*100 Midterms200 Final100 Quizzes (2 x 20) 40 Participation 40 Attendance 20 Total500 *Lowest will be dropped, but -20 point penalty for non-submission 43

44. CLASS PARTICIPATION Answer questions Raise an issue relevant to the topic at hand Solve an in-class problem Max, two “tallies” per session Quality and quantity of participation Participation quizzes Disruptive activities negatively assessed Review powerpoints before coming to class! 44

45. GENERAL COMMENTS Database practice is an application of theory Get theories/frameworks and definitions into your system; Need to have good conceptual understanding Need to review frequently (before class, after class and everyday) Participate in class Exams cover all topics (don’t strategize) Most important course in the IS curriculum 45

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