1. Situation of Children with Hearing Impairments in Ethiopia

2. Presentation Layout I. Understanding hearing impairment II. Prevalence and etiological conditions in Ethiopia III. Developmental effects of hearing impairment IV. Educational situation of children with hearing impairment V. Early Identification and Intervention practices VI. Inclusive Education : The Way of the Future

3. 1. Understanding Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment  The Deaf  The Hard of Hearing  Educational & medical definitions

4. HI & its possible impacts (Varna,1993) DEGREE OF HEARING LOSS DECIBELS (DB hl) POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON SPEECH AND LANGUAGE POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON ADJUSTMENT AND BEHAVIOUR None0-- Mild20- 40Slight difficultiesMay show slight deficit Moderate41 - 70Difficulties in speech receptivity May show behavioral difficulties Severe71 - 95 Difficulties in speaking omissions in spoken language. Social problems as well as educational difficulties Profound95+Have marked difficulties in understanding speech and speech may be unintelligible. Educational limitations, behavior and social skills may be immature

5. 2. Prevalence of Hearing Impairment in Ethiopia Incidence and prevalence of hearing impairment in Ethiopia Onset of Hearing Impairment Age 3-5 6-9 10-12 13-15 15-25 Per cent32%16%8%16% Prevalence :15 %

6. 3. Ethological Conditions of Hearing Impairment 3.1 Disabling factors and types of Hearing Impairment Causes of Hearing Impairment  Congenital conditions  Acquired conditions  Unknown 3.2 Site of Hearing Impairment  Outer ear  Middle ear  Inner ear

7. 3.3 Causes of HI Ethiopia

8. 3. 4. Developmental Profile of Children with Hearing Impairments 4.1 Language Development (Deaf & Hard of Hearing ) a) Communication Methods Oral Communication Manual Communication Total Communication b) Sign Language

9. 4.2 Cognitive and Learning Characteristics Impact of lack of Interaction Psychosocial situation (cognitive, emotional & behavioral factors) Learning Characteristics The Deaf Pre-lingually Deaf Post-lingually Deaf The Hard of Hearing

10. 4.3 Socio-emotional development a) Family & social environment Children from deaf parents Children from hearing parents b) Onset of hearing impairment Pre-lingually Deaf Post-lingually Deaf C) Hard of Hearing Children

11. 4.3 Psychomotor conditions Gross motor skills Balance and Equilibrium

12. 5. Educational Status of Children with Hearing Impairments (Tigray, special school for the deaf)

13. Ethiopian School System 6 Secondary Education -1 st Cycle 78 910 TL 2 TL 1 Early Childhood Care and Education 1 st Cycle - Primary Education - 2 nd Cycle 123 12345 123

14. Ethiopian School System Cont… 2 nd Cycle Secondary Education TVET 1112L5L4L 3 Higher Education

15. Education of Children with Disabilities in Ethiopia (2011) Total Number of enrollment,96, 389 Educational Delivery : Special Schools Special ClassesReversed InclusionInclusive Education

16. Enrollment of Children with Special Needs Education in Primary schools (grades 1-8) (MoE,2011) DisabilityMaleFemaleTotal Visual403929777016 Motor7361599212653 Hearing224217293971 Intellectual357832606861851 Other6335456310898 Total557604062996389

17. Education of Children with Disabilities in Ethiopia : Challenges

18. 7. Early Intervention and inclusive practices Early Intervention  Traditional practices  Home-based services  Early childhood education Inclusive Practices  Discussions and debates  Challenges of IE

19. Reflections Attitude towards disability G.Negative Attitude towards CwDs MIXED Attitude towards IE MIXED Interaction Home & School NO & YES Cycles

20. No-Cycle Predominant Lack of acceptance & sensitivity No sharing & exchange of feelings Little eye & physical contact No attention Child’s need systems Low expectation

21. Sensitizing parents & teachers & to promote Yes-Cycle Responding to the needs of the child Body contact and eye contact Sharing feelings Mediation of competence

22. QUESTIONS TO PONDER 1.How do people understand and communicate with a deaf person in your community ? 2. Compare & contrast the learning characteristics of a deaf child and a hard of hearing child?

23. QUESTIONS TO PONDER 3.What are the developmental implications of being pre-lingually and post-lingually deaf ? 4.Discuss the development implications of a child brought –up in a deaf and hearing family ? 5.What is your opinion about the deaf culture & the education of the deaf in an inclusive setting ?

25. Thank You !! The child needs an adult to convey, interpret, analyze and understand his/her world [open the appetite] World Adult Child