1. Updates on Chronic Otitis Media Block U Interns 2010

2. Outline I.Background II.Management III.Clinical Practice Guideline IV.References

3. BACKGROUND

4. Middle Ear The middle ear is compossed of tympanum or middle ear cavity, antrum and mastoid cells, and the eustachian tube

6. Chronic Otitis Media Chronic otitis media describe a variety of signs, symptoms, and physical findings that result from the long-term damage to the middle ear by infection and inflammation

7. Pathophysiology usually caused by eustachian tube dysfunction may also result from a perforation in the eardrum that failed to heal after trauma or an acute infection of the middle ear can also result in a benign growth of cholesteatoma

8. Pathophysiology It includes: Severe retraction or perforation of the eardrum Scarring or erosion of the small, sound conducting bones of the middle ear Chronic or recurring drainage from the ear Inflammation causing erosion of the bony cover or the facial nerve, balance canals, or cochlea (hearing organ) Erosion of the bony borders of the middle ear or mastoid, resulting in infection spreading to the meninges (the coverings of the brain) or brain Presence of cholesteatoma Persistence of fluid behind an intact eardrum

9. Clinical Presentation Persistent blockage of fullness of the ear Hearing loss Chronic ear drainage, which may have a very foul smell Development of balance problems Facial weakness/ Facial paralysis Persistent deep ear pain or headache Fever confusion or sleepiness Drainage or swelling behind the ear

10. Clinical Presentation Some people with chronic otitis media develop a cholesteatoma in the middle ear. – A cholesteatoma, which destroys bone, greatly increases the likelihood of other serious complications In severe conditions, brain infections may develop

11. Signs and Symptoms painless discharge of pus, which may have a very foul smell, from the ear inflammation of the inner ear facial paralysis

12. MANAGEMENT

13. Workup Laboratory Studies Prior to instituting systemic therapy, a culture should be obtained for sensitivity.

14. Imaging Studies CT scanning – Unresponsive to medical treatment, to look for occult cholesteatoma or foreign body – suspects a neoplasm – intratemporal or intracranial complications.

15. Imaging Studies MRI – intratemporal or intracranial complications are suspected – to reveal dural inflammation, sigmoid sinus thrombosis, labyrinthitis, and extradural and intracranial abscesses.

16. Updates on Management of CSOM Aural toilette part of standard medical treatment reduce quantity of infected material from middle ear could facilitate middle ear penetration of topical antimicrobials

17. Aural toilette From the Cochrane review, aural toilet alone was not significantly better in resolving otorrhoea and in healing perforations than no treatment.

18. Aural toilette This was based on two field trials among children in the Solomon Islands (50) and Kenya (155). Antimicrobial Treatment, aural toilet must be combined with antibiotics or antiseptics to be effective.

19. Oral antibiotics Oral antibiotics are better than aural toilet alone A trial comparing various oral antibiotics with aural toilet alone reported a higher otorrhoea resolution rate in the antibiotic treated group.

20. Oral antibiotics Another trial comparing oral clindamycin with aural toilet alone found otorrhoea resolution rates of 93% and 29%, respectively

21. Topical antibiotics Topical antibiotics are better than aural toilet alone The addition of topical antibiotics to aural toilet was associated with a 57% rate of otorrhoea resolution, compared to 27% with aural toilet alone

22. Topical antibiotics topical antibiotics: framycetin, gramicidin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Podoshin et al. also showed that topical ciprofloxacin or tobramycin was more effective than placebo (clinical response rates were 78.9%, 72.2% and 41.2%, respectively)

23. Topical antibiotics are better than systemic antibiotics The Cochrane review found that topical antibiotics were more effective than systemic antibiotics in resolving otorrhoea and eradicating middle ear bacteria.

24. topical antibiotics: gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin topical antiseptics: hydrogen peroxide and boric acid with iodine powder as systemic antibiotics: cephalexin, flucloxacillin, cloxacillin, amoxycillin, coamoxiclav, erythromycin, metronidazole, piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, azactam, trimethoprim-sulfa, ofloxacin, and intramuscular gentamicin

25. Combined topical and systemic antibiotics are no better than topical antibiotics alone The Cochrane review showed that combined oral-topical antibiotics were no more effective than topical antibiotics alone; the rates of resolution of otorrhoea were 50% and 53%, respectively.

26. Thus, although combination antibiotics are effective in resolving otorrhoea, adding oral antibiotics to topical antibiotics and aural toilet increases the cost without increasing the success rate.

27. This confirms the difficulty of systemic drug penetration through the devascularized, fibrotic mucosa of the middle ear and mastoid. It also emphasizes the critical role of local treatment.

28. Parenteral antibiotics Parenteral antibiotics are better than aural toilet alone One trial found that intravenous mezlocillin and ceftazidime were more effective than aural toilet alone in resolving otorrhoea and eradicating middle ear bacteria (100% and 8%, respectively).

29. Surgery Mastoidectomy and/or tympanoplasty are fre- quently necessary to permanently cure CSOM. Mastoidectomy - removing the mastoid air cells, granulations and debris using bone drills and microsurgical instruments. Tympanoplasty - closure of the tympanic perforation by a soft tissue graft with or without reconstruction of the ossicular chain.

30. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE

31. Clinical Practice Guideline in OME Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 May;130(5 Suppl):S95-118.

32. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Applies to children aged 2 months through 12 years with or without developmental disabilities and or underlying conditions that predispose to OME and its sequelae Strongly recommended pneumatic otoscopy as primary diagnostic method and distinguish OME from AOM

33. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Recommended that clinicians should Document laterality, duration of effusion, presence and severity of associated symptoms at each assessment of the child with OME distinguish the child with OME who is at risk for speech, language, or learning problems from other children with OME and more promptly evaluate hearing, speech, language, and need for intervention in children at risk

34. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Recommended that clinicians should manage the child with OME who is not at risk with watchful waiting for 3 months from the date of effusion onset (if known), or from the date of diagnosis (if onset is unknown)

35. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Other recommendations hearing testing be conducted when OME persists for 3 months or longer, or at any time that language delay, learning problems, or a significant hearing loss is suspected in a child with OME children with persistent OME who are not at risk should be reexamined at 3- to 6-month intervals until the effusion is no longer present, significant hearing loss is identified, or structural abnormalities of the eardrum or middle ear are suspected

36. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Other recommendations when a child becomes a surgical candidate, tympanostomy tube insertion is the preferred initial procedure

37. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Adenoidectomy should not be performed unless a distinct indication exists (nasal obstruction, chronic adenoiditis) repeat surgery consists of adenoidectomy plus myringotomy, with or without tube insertion Tonsillectomy alone or myringotomy alone should not be used to treat OME

38. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Negative recommendations population-based screening programs for OME not be performed in healthy, asymptomatic children antihistamines and decongestants are ineffective for OME and should not be used for treatment; antimicrobials and corticosteroids do not have long-term efficacy and should not be used for routine management.

39. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline Committee gave options that: tympanometry can be used to confirm the diagnosis of OME when children with OME are referred by the primary clinician for evaluation by an otolaryngologist, audiologist, or speech-language pathologist, the referring clinician should document the effusion duration and specific reason for referral (evaluation, surgery), and provide additional relevant information such as history of AOM and developmental status of the child

40. UPDATES as compared from 1994 guideline No recommendations for: complementary and alternative medicine as a treatment for OME based on a lack of scientific evidence documenting efficacy allergy management as a treatment for OME based on insufficient evidence of therapeutic efficacy or a causal relationship between allergy and OME

41. REFERENCES

42. Chronic suppurative otitis media, Burden of Illness and Management Options, Child and Adolescent Health and Development, Prevention of Blindness and Deafness, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004

43. Clinical Practice Guideline in OME. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 May;130(5 Suppl):S95- 118.