1. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Presentation Package for Concepts of Fitness & Wellness 9e Concept 21 Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections Safe sex and sound information about sexually transmitted infections are important to health and wellness.

2. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Presentation Overview Terminology Terminology General Facts General Facts HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Common STIs Common STIs ▫ Causes, symptoms, cures, risks, and prevention Reasons for Risk Among Young People Reasons for Risk Among Young People 2 Online Learning Center Discussion Activity

3. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Terminology STD  STI – broader term STD  STI – broader term Can be infected for many years before signs of disease begin to occur (e.g., HIV/AIDs) Can be infected for many years before signs of disease begin to occur (e.g., HIV/AIDs) STI better captures the range of outcomes STI better captures the range of outcomes 3

4. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. General Facts Healthy sexual experience  all wellness dimensions Healthy sexual experience  all wellness dimensions Good physical health contributes to an active and satisfying sex life Good physical health contributes to an active and satisfying sex life Unsafe sexual activity  disease, poor health, pain, suffering Unsafe sexual activity  disease, poor health, pain, suffering 4 Photo: Creative Commons Flickr

5. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sexually Transmitted Infections 1. Bacterial (antibiotics) ▫ Chlamydia ▫ Gonorrhea ▫ Syphilis 2. Viral ▫ HIV ▫ Genital Herpes ▫ HPV 5

6. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HIV/AIDS Greatest health threat to the world Greatest health threat to the world Worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic Worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic ▫ 1.7 million infected each year ▫ 33 million currently living with HIV Incidence increasing disproportionately among women and minorities Incidence increasing disproportionately among women and minorities HIV attacks the immune system HIV attacks the immune system AIDS is when infected with HIV and develop opportunistic diseases AIDS is when infected with HIV and develop opportunistic diseases 6

7. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HIV transmission 3 mechanisms of transmission 3 mechanisms of transmission 1.Sexual activity 2.Contact with infected blood (needle sharing) 3.Transmission from an infected mother to child Spread by contact with body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk) Spread by contact with body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk) NOT transmitted through the air, saliva, sweat, or urine NOT transmitted through the air, saliva, sweat, or urine 7

8. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preventing HIV/AIDS Personal level - responsibility for reducing risky behaviors Personal level - responsibility for reducing risky behaviors ▫ Abstinence ▫ Safe Sex  new condoms each time  lifetime partner ▫ Get Tested – early detection controls spread of AIDS National/International level - Increasing awareness of and education about risks National/International level - Increasing awareness of and education about risks 8 Photo: Creative Commons Flickr

9. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Recent Developments with AIDS Self-testing kits Self-testing kits No cure, but treatments have improved No cure, but treatments have improved Early treatment reduces death rates Early treatment reduces death rates Improvements in drug therapies raise concerns about increases in high-risk sexual behavior Improvements in drug therapies raise concerns about increases in high-risk sexual behavior Search for a vaccine for HIV is well underway, though no vaccine is currently available Search for a vaccine for HIV is well underway, though no vaccine is currently available 9

10. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 10

11. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Often not aware of infection Often not aware of infection Short term - asymptomatic Short term - asymptomatic Risks Risks ▫ Causes genital warts, but most do not develop ▫ Leading cause of cervical cancer Prevention: Gardisil vaccination Prevention: Gardisil vaccination ▫ Only required in Virginia & Washington D.C. 11 Photo: Creative Commons Flickr

12. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chlamydia Most commonly reported (past decade) Most commonly reported (past decade) “Silent” STI - most have no symptoms “Silent” STI - most have no symptoms Symptoms Symptoms ▫ Men – penis discharge, burning sensation when urinating ▫ Women – same, plus lower ab or back pain, intercourse pain, bleeding between periods Risks Risks ▫ Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) ▫ Other secondary health problems Treatment: antibiotics Treatment: antibiotics 12

13. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Gonorrhea Second most commonly reported STI Second most commonly reported STI Transmitted primarily through sexual activity Transmitted primarily through sexual activity Symptoms Symptoms ▫ Occur within 3 to 7 days after bacteria enters system ▫ painful urination, penile drip or discharge, vaginal discharge Cure: antibiotic Cure: antibiotic Risks: PID  infertility Risks: PID  infertility 13

14. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Hepatitis B Spread through unprotected sex, IV drug use, or mother  baby Spread through unprotected sex, IV drug use, or mother  baby ▫ Rare transmission through blood transfusion or other contact with infected blood Symptoms Symptoms ▫ jaundice, fatigue, ab pain, loss of appetite, nausea Risks: Chronic infection  liver disease  premature death Risks: Chronic infection  liver disease  premature death Prevention: vaccine Prevention: vaccine 14

15. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Genital Herpes Among the most commonly spread due to lack of awareness of infection Among the most commonly spread due to lack of awareness of infection Cause: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Cause: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Symptoms: lesions/blisters on penis vagina, or cervix 2 to 12 days after infection  last a week to a month Symptoms: lesions/blisters on penis vagina, or cervix 2 to 12 days after infection  last a week to a month Cure: none (will always carry virus) Cure: none (will always carry virus) Risks: cervical cancer, transmission to unborn Risks: cervical cancer, transmission to unborn Prevention: condoms or abstinence Prevention: condoms or abstinence 15

16. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Syphilis Less common now (prevalent in the 1940s) Less common now (prevalent in the 1940s) Cause: bacteria Cause: bacteria Symptoms: chancre sores at site of sexual contact Symptoms: chancre sores at site of sexual contact Primary & secondary phases Primary & secondary phases Cure: antibiotics Cure: antibiotics Risks: blindness, deafness, others Risks: blindness, deafness, others Prevention and early detection Prevention and early detection 16

17. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Lesser-known STIs Genital warts - caused by HPV Genital warts - caused by HPV ▫ Self-administered remedies Pubic crab lice Pubic crab lice ▫ Highly distressing ▫ Over-the-counter treatments Chancroid Chancroid ▫ Most common in developing countries ▫ Very low rates in the US ▫ Known risk factor for HIV transmission, and should be treated promptly with antibiotics 17

18. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reasons for Risk Among Young People Perceive they are not at risk Perceive they are not at risk Lack knowledge of safe sex strategies Lack knowledge of safe sex strategies “everyone is doing it” “everyone is doing it” Do not get tested regularly Do not get tested regularly Condom use less likely Condom use less likely Serial Monogamy – multiple committed relationships increases risk Serial Monogamy – multiple committed relationships increases risk 18 Lab 21a information Photo: Creative Commons Flickr

19. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Summary Bacterial and viral STIs, some with no symptoms Bacterial and viral STIs, some with no symptoms Prevention through safe sex and regular screenings Prevention through safe sex and regular screenings It can happen to you! It can happen to you! 19 Be smart! If you are having sex, use protection! End of presentation Photo: Creative Commons Flickr

20. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Supplemental Information Lab Information Discussion Activity Online Learning Center

21. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Lab 21a Information STI Risk Questionnaire Complete the STI Risk survey for yourself or someone close to you Complete the STI Risk survey for yourself or someone close to you Sum up the points and determine rating Sum up the points and determine rating What recommendations would you have for that person What recommendations would you have for that person 21 Return to presentation

22. © 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Discussion Activity What do you think are the same reasons why both men and women report for engaging in sex? What do you think are the same reasons why both men and women report for engaging in sex? What do you think are the different reasons men and women report for engaging in sex? What do you think are the different reasons men and women report for engaging in sex? Answer in terms of the wellness dimensions. 22 Return to presentation