1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Plug-In B3 Hardware and Software (on OLC)

2. B3-2 LEARNING OUTCOMES 1.Describe the six major categories of hardware and provide an example of each. 2.Identify the different computer categories and explain their potential business uses. 3.Explain the difference between primary and secondary storage. 4.List the common input, output, storage, and communication devices. 5.Describe the eight categories of computers by size. 6.Define the relationship between operating system software and utility software.

3. B3-3 INTRODUCTION Information Technology (IT)Any computer- based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information- processing needs of an organization –HardwareConsists of the physical devices associated with a computer system –SoftwareThe set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks –ComputerAn electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data

4. B3-4 HARDWARE Central Processing Unit (CPU) The actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together Control Unit Interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) Performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)

5. B3-5 HARDWARE The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of a CPU: –Megahertz (MHz) The number of millions of CPU cycles per second –Gigahertz (GHz) The number of billions of CPU cycles per second Binary Digit (bit)The smallest unit of information that a computer can process ByteA group of eight bits representing one natural language character

6. B3-6 ADVANCES IN CPU DESIGN Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chip –Type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) chip –Limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute to increase processing speed Virtualization –A protected memory space created by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual machines

7. B3-7 PRIMARY STORAGE Random Access Memory (RAM)The computers primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processors high-speed external data bus –Volatility –Cache Memory Read-Only Memory (ROM)The portion of a computers primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power –Flash Memory –Memory Card –Memory Stick

8. B3-8 SECONDARY STORAGE Secondary Storage Consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage –Megabyte (MB)roughly 1 million bytes –Gigabyte (GB)roughly 1 billion bytes –Terabyte (TB)roughly 1 trillion bytes

9. B3-9 MAGNETIC MEDIUM Magnetic MediumA secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials Magnetic TapeAn older secondary storage medium that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a magnetically sensitive recording medium Hard DriveA secondary storage medium that uses several rigid disks coated with a magnetically sensitive material and housed together with the recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism

10. B3-10 OPTICAL MEDIUM Optical medium types include: –Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) –Compact Disk-Read-Write (CD-RW) Drive –Digital Video Disk (DVD) –DVD-ROM Drive –Digital Video Disk-Read/Write (DVD-RW)

11. B3-11 INPUT DEVICES Input DeviceEquipment used to capture information and commands –Manual Input Device Joystick Keyboard Microphone –Automated Input Device Bar code scanner Digital camera Magnetic ink character reader

12. B3-12 OUTPUT DEVICE Output DeviceEquipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests –Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) –Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) –Laser printer –Ink-jet printer –Plotter

13. B3-13 COMMUNICATION DEVICE Communication deviceEquipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another –Dial-up access –Cable –Digital subscriber line –Wireless –Satellite

14. B3-14 COMPUTER CATEGORIES For the past 20 years, federally funded supercomputing research has given birth to some of the computer industrys most significant technology breakthroughs including: –Clustering –Parallel Processing –Mosaic Browser

15. B3-15 SOFTWARE BASICS System SoftwareControls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software –Operating System Software Linux Max OS X Microsoft Windows MS-DOS Unix –Utility Software –Application Software