1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING

3. Stress and Coping
How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology?
What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?

4. Health Psychology
Investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

5. Stress People’s response to events that threaten or challenge them
Stressors
Circumstances and events in life

6. Categorizing Stressors
Cataclysmic Events
Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously
Personal Stressors
Major life events
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Daily Hassles
Minor irritations of life that we face again and again

7. Categorizing Stressors
Common Daily Hassles and Uplifts
Figure 1 of Chapter 11

8. The High Cost of Stress
Psychophysiological Disorders (psychosomatic disorders)
Actual medical problems that are influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties

9. The General Adaptation Syndrome Model
Hans Selye
Physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress
Three phases:
Alarm and mobilization
Resistance
Exhaustion

10. The General Adaptation Syndrome Model
Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Figure 2 of Chapter 11

11. Psychoneuroimmunology and Stress
Major Consequences of Stress
Figure 3 of Chapter 11

12. Coping with Stress
Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress
Categories
Emotion-focused coping
Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem
Problem-focused coping
Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of stress

13. Coping with Stress Learned Helplessness Social Support
Occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled
Experience more physical symptoms and depression
Social Support
Knowledge that we are part of a mutual network of caring, interested others

14. Coping with Stress Effective Coping Strategies
Turn a threat into a challenge
Make a threatening situation less threatening
Change your goals
Take physical action
Biofeedback
Exercise
Prepare for stress before it happens
Proactive coping

15. Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being
How do psychological factors affect health-related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?

16. The A’s, B’s, and D’s of Coronary Heart Disease
Type A Behavior Pattern
Cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven
Type B Behavior Pattern
Characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner
Type D Behavior Pattern
D is for “distressed”
Characterized by insecurity, anxiety, and a negative outlook
At risk for repeated heart attacks

17. Psychological Aspects of Cancer
Emotional responses have a critical effect on its course
Those with a fighting spirit are more likely to recover

18. Psychological Aspects of Cancer
Relationship Between Patient Attitude and Cancer Survival
Figure 4 of Chapter 11

19. Smoking Why People Smoke Quitting Smoking Heredity Genetics
Environmental factors
Quitting Smoking
Nicotine replacement drugs
Behavioral strategies

20. Promoting Health and Wellness
How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment?
How does a sense of well-being develop?

21. Following Medical Advice
Noncompliance
Creative Nonadherence
Adjusting a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on one’s own medical judgment and experience

22. Increasing Compliance with Advice
Provide clear instructions to patients regarding drug regimens
Honesty about nature of medical problems and treatments
Positively framed messages
Change in behavior will lead to a gain
Negatively framed messages
Highlight what can be lost by not performing a behavior

23. Well-Being and Happiness
Subjective Well-Being
People’s evaluations of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions
Characteristics of happy people
Have high self-esteem
Have a firm sense of control
Are optimistic
Like to be around other people

24. Well-Being and Happiness
Does Money Buy Happiness?
Research shows that winning the lottery brings an initial surge to one’s happiness level, but then it returns to its set point.

25. Well-Being and Happiness
Faces Scale
Figure 7 of Chapter 11