1. John F. Kennedy 1960-1963 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969

2. The Election of 1960 JFK –wealthy, handsome, charismatic –Only 43 –Roman Catholic –Kennedy looked and spoke better than Nixon, but weak against Communism Nixon - more experienced –8 years as Vice President –Former Governor –Huge Anti-Communist

3. The Election of 1960 The election of 1960 was the closest since 1884; Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon by fewer than 119,000 votes. Clip Debate

4. 1960 Presidential Election

5. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Kennedy was the youngest person ever to be elected president. His youth helped provide the theme to his inaugural address: “Let the word go forth… That the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans… The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it…And so, my fellow Americans-ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.” Ask not...speech

6. Kennedy and the New Frontier Can Government Fix Society? President Kennedy shakes hands with future President of the United States Bill Clinton

7. Kennedy’s Domestic Policy -Razor-thin margin of victory meant Kennedy had no “mandate” -Few domestic accomplishments:  Area Redevelopment Act (1961) spent $400 million in loans & grants  Housing Act (1962) spent $5 billion on urban renewal, ended redlining  Minimum wage raised to $1.25/hour, and extended to 3 million more workers Michael Harrington The Other America (1962)

8. Race to the Moon On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut became the first human in space Meanwhile, America’s space agency (NASA) began construction on new launch facilities in Cape Canaveral, Florida and a mission control center in Houston, Texas

9. A Man on the Moon Finally, on July 20, 1969, the U.S. would achieve its goal An excited nation watched as U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong took the first steps on the moon Space and defense-related industries sprang up in Southern and Western states Armstrong “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”

10. The Camelot Years With JFK’s youthful glamour and his talented Advisors (the Wiz Kids), the Kennedy White House reminded many of a modern- day Camelot, the mythical court of King Arthur.

11. The Best and the Brightest –McGeorge Bundy – NSA –Robert McNamara – Secretary of Defense –Dean Rusk – Secretary of State –Robert Kennedy – Attorney General  Had no previous law experience

12. Kennedy and the Cold War John Kennedy meeting with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna, June, 1961 -During the Kennedy Administration, ongoing tensions with the Soviet Union led to crises over Cuba and West Berlin. -To contain communism and stay ahead of the Soviet Union in technology, President Kennedy created aid programs for developing nations and expanded the space program.

13. A New Military Policy Flexible Response – increased defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces – nonnuclear forces such as troops, ships, and artillery –created an elite branch of the army called the Special Forces, or Green Berets. - He also tripled the overall nuclear capabilities of the U.S. Goal – allow the U.S. to fight limited wars around the world while maintaining a nuclear balance of power with the Soviets

14. Crises over Cuba the first test of JFK’s administration The Cuban Dilemma –Fidel Castro comes to power in 1959 –Puts on mass public trials and executions –U.S. denounces Cuba and accepts thousands of Cuban refugees –Castro seizes U.S. businesses and Eisenhower cuts off imports of Cuban sugar –1960 – Cuba signs a trade treaty with the Soviet Union

15. The Bay of Pigs -On the nights of April 17,1961, some 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. military landed on the island’s southern coast at Baja de Cochinos, the Bay of Pigs -The CIA and the exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro. It didn’t! -Cuban forces, backed by Soviet tanks and jet aircraft, easily repelled the exile invasion. -Some of the exiles were killed, others imprisoned.

16. Crisis over Berlin In 1961, Berlin, Germany was a city in great turmoil In the 11 years since the Berlin Airlift, almost 3 million East Germans (Soviet side) had fled into West Berlin (U.S. controlled) to flee communist rule

17. Soviets Seek to Stop Exodus The Soviets did not like the fact that East Berliners were fleeing their city for the democratic west Their departure hurt the economy and the prestige of the USSR Just after midnight on August 13, 1961 the Soviets began construction of a 90-mile wall separating East and West Berlin East Germany begins construction on the Berlin Wall, which becomes a primary symbol of the Cold War and Soviet oppression

19. The Cuban Missile Crisis -In an attempt to counter any new American intervention and to improve the Soviet position in the nuclear arms race, Castro and Kruschchev devised a daring plan: -Installation of Soviet missiles and nuclear bombers in Cuba

20. Cuban Missile Crisis -October 16, 1962, photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba -and some contained missiles ready to launch. -They could reach U.S. cities in minutes. Kennedy Addresses the Nation

21. -October 22, Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent further deliveries of Soviet weapons. -Demands that the Soviets remove the missiles. -Khrushchev promised to challenge the blockade, calling it “outright banditry.”

22. -For a few days, nuclear war and massive destruction was a distinct possibility for every American. -In schools, children practiced air raid drills, a common occurrence during the Cold War. -People who had built bomb shelters began stocking them with food and other provisions.

24. -Suddenly, on October 24, many of the Soviet ships stopped short of the blockade line, turned, and sailed home. -“We’re eyeball to eyeball,” said Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “and I think the other fellow just blinked.” -On October 28 Khrushchev agreed that he would remove the missiles if the U.S. agreed not to attack Cuba and removed its missiles from Turkey - Kennedy publicly agreed to the 1 st and privately to the 2 nd “We’re eyeball to eyeball,” said Secretary of State Dean Rusk, “and I think the other fellow just blinked.”

25. Trying to Ease Tensions Two Agreements –1. Direct hotline between the White House and the Kremlin –2. Signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty – called for an end to all nuclear tests in the ocean, the atmosphere and outer space – by the end of the year, 113 other nations had signed the treaty

26. Tragedy in Dallas -In the fall of 1963, public opinion polls showed that Kennedy was losing popularity because of his advocacy of civil rights. -On November 22, 1963, President and Mrs. Kennedy went to Texas to mend political fences with members of the state’s Democratic Party.

27. -Crowds lined the streets of Dallas to greet the President. -In front of them sat Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.

28. As the car approached a state building known as the Texas State Book Depository, rifle shots rang out.

29. -Kennedy was shot in the head. -His car raced to a nearby hospital, where doctors frantically tried to revive him, but it was too late. -President Kennedy was dead. News of Kennedy Assassination

30. In 1963, the Warren Commission investigated and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own. Lee Harvey Oswald Chief Justice Earl Warren presenting the Warren Report to President Johnson

31. On Sunday, Nov. 24, as millions watched live television coverage of Oswald being transferred between jails, a nightclub owner named Jack Ruby broke through the crowd and shot and killed Oswald.

32. Flaws of the Warren Commission The Magic Bullet Theory For Oswald to be the killer, he only had time to fire 3 shots One was the final/fatal head shot to JFK One grazed spectator James Tague One was the “Magic Bullet” Caused seven wounds between JFK and Connally

33. The Zapruder Film

36. Lyndon Baines Johnson Takes the Oath of Office Aboard Air Force One

37. Lyndon Baines Johnson 1937 – enters the House as a New Deal Democrat 1948 – wins a Senate seat by a tiny margin of 87 votes “Landslide Lyndon” Effective Legislator The Johnson Treatment

38. LBJ’s Victory in 1964 -landslide victory against Barry Goldwater -gives LBJ the mandate to aggressively push his Great Society programs through Congress Daisy Ad - LBJ

39. LBJ’s Great Society Former President Harry S. Truman watches President Johnson sign the Medicare Bill into law and will become the first recipient of the program

40. LBJ’S Great Society

41. Warren Court Reforms Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court issued a number of decisions that altered the voting system, expanded due process, and reinterpreted aspects of the First Amendment. A sampling of major decisions of the Warren Court Civil Rights Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional Due Process Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Ruled that unlawfully seized evidence cannot be used in a trial Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Established suspect’s right to court-appointed attorney if suspects were unable to afford one Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Affirmed right of the accused to an attorney during police questioning Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Required police to inform suspects of their rights during the arrest process Freedom of Speech and Religion Engel v. Vitale (1962) Banned state-mandated prayer in public schools Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) Banned state-mandated Bible reading in public schools