1. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Motivation and Emotion

2. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Motivation and Emotion n What is motivation? n Motivation –the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms

3. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Explaining Motivation n Instinct Approaches: born to be motivated n Instincts –inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned

4. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs n Drive-Reduction Approaches –when people lack some basic biological requirement such as water, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced n Drive –motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need

5. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs n Primary drives –basic drives that are related to biological needs of the body or of the species as a whole n Secondary drives –needs are brought about by prior experience and learning

6. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Drive Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs n Homeostasis –the process by which an organism strives to maintain some optimal level of internal biological functioning by compensating for deviations from its usual, balanced internal state

7. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction n Arousal approaches to motivation –we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary

8. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull n Incentive approaches to motivation –the theory explaining motivation in terms of external stimuli, the incentives that direct and energize behavior

9. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation n Cognitive approaches to motivation –the focus on the role of our thoughts, expectations, and understanding of the world

10. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation n Intrinsic motivation –motivation by which people participate in an activity for their own enjoyment, not for the reward it will get them n Extrinsic motivation –motivation by which people participate in an activity for a tangible reward

11. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs

12. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs n Self-actualization –a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in the own unique way

13. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 Human Needs and Motivation n What are the biological and social factors that underlie hunger? n How are needs relating to achievement, affiliation, and power motivation exhibited?

14. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating n Biological factors –hypothalamus –weight set point the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain –genetic factors metabolism - the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body

15. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15

16. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating n Social factors –external social factors, based on societal rules and conventions and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior –conditioned association of food with comfort, consolation –escape from unpleasant thoughts

17. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 Eating Disorders n Anorexia Nervosa –a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance are unusual n Bulimia –a disorder in which a person binges on incredibly large quantities of food, and then purges

18. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 The Need for Achievement: Striving for success n The need for achievement –a stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining a level of excellence n Measuring achievement motivation –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) n Racial Differences in achievement motivation

19. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 Other Human Needs n Need for affiliation –an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people n Need for Power –tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual

20. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 Understanding Emotional Experiences n What are emotions, how do we experience them, and what are their functions? n Emotions –feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior

21. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 The Functions of Emotions n Preparing us for action –a link between external events and behavioral responses n Shaping our future behavior –act as reinforcement n Helping us to regulate social interaction –allow observers to better understand us

22. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 Deciphering our Emotions n The James-Lange Theory –the belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation n The Cannon-Bard Theory –the belief that both physiological and emotional arousal are produced simultaneously by the same nerve impulse

23. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 Deciphering our Emotions n The Schacter-Singer Theory –the belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues –support a cognitive view of emotions

24. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 The Truth About Lies n Polygraph –an electronic device designed to expose people who are telling lies n Event-related brain potentials –reflect tiny changes in electrical voltage that can be measured on a person’s scalp

25. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 25 Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions n Do People in all cultures express emotion similarly? n Facial-affect program the activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression n Display rules the guidelines that govern the appropriateness of showing emotion nonverbally

26. Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 26 Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions n The facial-feedback hypothesis –facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience, they also help determine how people experience and label emotions