1. Motivation
What motivates people?

3. What are the motivational theories?
Instincts
Drive reduction theory
Arousal theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Incentives (reinforcers) e.g. Gold stars

4. How do instincts motivate us?
Aggression
Fear of heights

5. What is the drive reduction theory?
Objective is “Homeostasis”
The body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
The desire to avoid stress
Hunger or thirst

6. What is arousal theory? The desire to avoid boredom Roller coasters
Horror movies
When biological needs are satisfied, we look for an optimum level of arousal.

7. What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
From physiological needs to self- actualization
Basic needs (thirst, clothing) satisfied before higher needs (self esteem) become motivating.

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (cont.)
Viewing your work as a calling (e.g. Nun) satisfies higher level needs.
Exception = altruistic suicide

9. What are behavior incentives?
Reinforcers
Gold stars
Money
Thank you

10. Do you remember?
What is an example of instinct, drive reduction, arousal, and incentive motivation?
What is an example of each of Maslow’s hierarchy levels?
What would be an incentive to motivate a child’s behavior?

11. Eating disorders Motivation to harm yourself Anorexia nervosa Bulimia
Excessive dieting
See themselves as fat
Bulimia
Purposely binge & purge

12. Sexual motivation Masters and Johnson’s sexual response cycle.
Excitement
Plateau
Enough sperm may be released prior to orgasm for pregnancy
Orgasm
Resolution
Refractory period (men only)
Period during which male can not be aroused to another orgasm.

13. What motivates sexual orientation?
Prenatal hormones - can change an animal’s sexual orientation
Brain differences may be a factor
Genetics may be a factor

14. What motivates sexual orientation?
Genetics
Twins studies - concordance rates
Identical twins
Fraternal twins
Adopted children

15. Sexual disorders motivation
Lack of sexual desire (Lack of sexual motivation)
Behavior therapy and education can help with:
Male
Inability to ejaculate
Premature ejaculation
Female
Orgasmic dysfunction (female)
Vaginismus

16. Do you remember? What is the difference between anorexia and bulimia?
What stage in the sexual response cycle do men have that women do not?
Is it possible to get pregnant even with ejaculation outside the partner?
What factors can effect sexual orientation?

17. How is belongingness a motivator?
People have a basic need to belong and bond with others
Conformity to peer pressure (e.g. smoking)
Spouse abuse
Some have a greater fear of loneliness than remaining in a physically abusive relationship.

18. Motivation at work

19. Motivating achievement
Achievement motivation - The desire to excel with self discipline beats talent and intelligence.

20. How can you predict job performance?
Aptitude tests
Job knowledge tests
Simulated job performance tests
Informal interviews
Poorest predictor of job performance
The interviewer illusion
The employer’s idea that they can determine enduring personality traits from the interview.

21. Do you remember? How is belongingness a motivator?
What can beat talent and motivation for achievement?
What is the interviewer illusion?