1. Motivation Chapter 10

2. Motivational Theories and Concepts  Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal- directed behavior  Drive theories – seeking homeostasis  Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli  Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

3. Diversity of motives  Biological versus Social motives

4. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors  Brain regulation Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus Paraventricular nucleus  Glucose and digestive regulation Glucostatic theory  Hormonal regulation Insulin and leptin

5. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors  Learned preferences and habits Exposure When, as well as what  Food-related cues Appearance, odor, effort required  Stress Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

6. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity  Evolutionary explanations  Genetic predisposition Body Mass Index and adoption study  The concept of set point/settling point  Dietary restraint

7. Sexual Motivation and Behavior:  Determining Desire Hormonal regulation  Estrogens  Androgens  Testosterone Pheromones  Synchronized menstrual cycles Aphrodisiacs Erotic materials Attraction to a Partner  The Coolidge effect Evolutionary factors

8. Gender Differences in Sexual Activity  Males show a greater interest in sex than females. Males have more frequent and varied sex fantasies Males subjective ratings of sex drives are higher. More motivated to pursue a greater variety of partners More willing to engage in casual (uncommitted sex)  Differences may be exaggerated because of double standard towards sexuality Women may downplay sexuality to avoid be considered permissive

9. Gender Differences and Mate Preferences  Parental Investment Theory Females look for mate that could  Provide resources  Was willing to invest resources  Protect family Males look for mate that  Had good reproductive potential Young and healthy  Would be faithful  Nuturing  Other explanations

10. Valence - attractiveness of an outcome to an individual Outcomes (e.g., “A” on test, raise, promotions) Expectancy - strength of belief that effort will result in successful performance Instrumentality - strength of belief that performance results in outcome attainment Expectancy Theory

11. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS ACTUALIZATION PHYSIOLOGICAL SAFETY SOCIAL ESTEEM

12. Motivation  McClelland’s Learned Needs Need for Achievement  a need to accomplish goals, excel, and strive continually to do things better. Need for Affiliation  desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships affiliative interest affiliative assurance Need for Power  the need to influence and lead others and be in control of one’s environment socialized power personalized power

13. Interpreting the TAT Achievement standard of excellence unique accomplishment long-term goal Affiliation + emotional relationship likes another wants to be liked by another affiliate activities

14. Situational Determinants of Achievement