1. The Circulatory System
Part 2
Blood, Lymph and ETC

2. Composition of Blood Blood will separate into two parts:
55% plasma (liquid)
45% blood cells (solid) (called Formed elements)

3. list the major components of plasma
Mostly water (92%) with MANY different dissolved substances:
Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals
CO2,O2
Blood proteins:
i. Antibodies
ii. hormones
iii. clot-forming proteins. (fibrinogen)
iv. Albumin (transports bilirubin)
v. Globulins (the protein in lipoproteins)
d. Salts: Na+, Ca+, K+, Mg+
e. wastes: urea
list the major components of plasma

4. i. Antibodies -part of the immune system - help fight infections.
Foreigner
 antibodies 
- tag the foreigners for the killer cells 
Killer
Cells

5. ii. Hormones
Chemical messengers sent from brain to tell cells or organs what to do; travel via blood

6. iii. Clot-Forming Proteins- Fibrinogen
Work with platelets to form a thrombus (scab)

9. describe the shape, function, and origin of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
A. Red Blood Cells
B. White Blood Cells
C. Platelets

10. Red Blood Cells Aka. Erythrocytes Source = stem cell Disc-shaped
Hemoglobin has iron in it (makes your blood red!)
Delivers gases to and from cells

11. White Blood Cells Aka. Leukocyte Source = stem cells Larger than RBC
Work together with antibodies to fight infections

13. Platelets Aka. Thrombocyte Source = stem cell Fragment of larger cells
Clots blood(scab)
Blood Clot

15. Blood Cell Formation Diagram

16. Review
Plasma: Water, nutrients, CO2, antibodies, hormones, clot-forming proteins
Blood Cells: RBC’s, WBC’s and Platelets

17. describe capillary-tissue fluid exchange
Determined by two forces:
Blood Pressure
Osmotic Pressure (the pressure that water feels to move according to the concentration gradient between the tissues and the blood
osmotic vs hydrostatic pressure animation

19. Moving through the Capillary
At the arteriole end of the capillary:
B.P. = 40mmHg
O.P. = 25mmHg
Net = 15mmHg
Moving through the Capillary
Since BP exceeds OP, water, aa’s, and oxygen leave the capillary because they are forced (squeezed) out of the blood and into the cells.
Blood cells and proteins are too large – they stay in the blood

20. Middle of Capillary BP = 25mmHg OP = 25mmHg Net = 0 mmHg
BP and OP are about equal in the middle of the capillary so diffusion causes the nutrients to leave the blood and enter the cells (following their concentration gradient)
Wastes will diffuse out of the cells and into the blood at this point as well.

21. Venule End of the Capillary
BP = 10mmHg
OP = 25mmHg
Net = 15mmHg (in the opposite direction!)
Now OP is greater than BP, so water will move from the tissues and into the blood.
Urea and carbon dioxide are also carried with the water

23. Lymph System

24. Lymphatic System 3 main functions:
transport of excess tissue fluid back to cardiovascular system
absorption of fat from the intestine and transport to blood
fighting infection by distributing germ-fighting white blood cells= lymphocytes

25. identify and give functions of lymph capillaries, veins, and nodes
considered part of the circulatory system since it contains lymph, a moving fluid that comes from the blood and returns to the blood by way of the lymphatic vessels.

26. The lymphatic system is thus a secondary transport system
The lymphatic system is thus a secondary transport system. Lymph has no pump of its own. Its flow depends on pressure from the blood system, the massaging effect of the muscles and the one-way-valves in it’s vessels.

28. 1. Excess fluid
More water is forced out of the capillary at the arteriole end then re-enters at the venule end.
The LYMPHATIC system vessels collect the extra water and return it to the blood at the duct connected to the subclavian vein

30. interstitial fluid, the lymph picks up particles too big to be absorbed through capillary, include: cell debris, fat globules, and tiny protein particles
lymph is filtered by the numerous white blood cells
fluid re-enters the blood through the subclavian vein.
2. Absorbs Fat

31. 3. Fighting Infection
The lymphatic system also distributes germ-fighting white blood cells.
Lymph resembles plasma
It is formed from bits of blood and other body liquids, called interstitial fluid that collect in the spaces between cells.

32. Lymph Organs
Lymph nodes – round structures located along lymph vessels (beneath armpits, base of jaw, groin )
Filters lymph
Produce lymphocytes (WBC) which produce antibodies
Other lymph organs include tonsils, spleen, thymus gland

33. Blood and Body Temperature
Your blood vessels help control your body temperature by sending extra blood to your skin if you are hot OR by keeping extra blood AWAY from your skin to keep you warm
The capillaries DILATE or CONTRACT to control the blood flow

34. Open heart surgery

35. Regulation of Blood Pressure occurs by Four Mechanisms:
1. Altering Heart Rate
2. Altering Contactility (how hard it pumps)
3. Altering Blood Vessel Diameter (vasoconstriction or vasodilatation)
4. Altering Blood Volume (kidneys either re-absorb extra H2O or expel extra H2O)

36. The Cardiovascular Centre in the Brain (a group of neurons scattered within the medulla)
- will regulate the heart rate using all of these mechanisms to varying degrees causing either an increase or decrease in BP.
 Hypertension = high blood pressure (over 120/80)
Hypotension = low blood pressure (under 120/80)

37. Keeping your Circulatory System Healthy
Eat a healthy diet (try to keep the saturated fats and cholesterol, and salt levels low)
Get lots of sleep and exercise
Don’t smoke
Drink lots of water

38. Heart Rate Average resting heart rate is 60-80 beats per minute (bpm)
The heart is a muscle – exercise makes it stronger
A highly conditioned aerobic athlete (ex. Long distance runner) will have a resting heart rate of bpm.
When exercising, a good target range for heart rate in teens is between bpm
Heart Rate

40. High Blood Pressure BP is higher than normal all of the time
Puts extra strain on the heart
Can cause capillaries to burst damaging heart, brain or kidney tissue
Is the leading cause of heart failure
Too much salt in the diet can cause HBP, as can excessive, long term stress

42. Some Factors that can affect BP:
Exercise: raises BP during exercise, but decreases BP after because the heart is stronger.
Sodium intake: Increases Blood Volume which increases BP
Ca++ and K+ intake: Decreases BP
Alcohol Consumption: Increases BP because in increases the acidity of the blood, which stimulates the CV centre to increase BP

43. Some more Factors that can affect BP:
Body Weight: Being overweight puts extra strain on the heart: increases BP
Smoking: increases BP
Stress: The autonomic NS thinks that you must prepare for a fight, therefore increasing the BP
Atherosclerosis: Decreases the diameter of vessels - therefore increasing BP
ETC.!!

44. Cardiovascular Centre
The CV centre receives sensory input from many different sources:
1. Higher brain centers (telling you to prepare for something)
2. Baroreceptors - monitoring blood pressure by using stretch receptors in the blood vessels
3. Chemoreceptors - monitoring O2 , CO2, and H+ concentrations in the blood
Cardiovascular Centre