1. Summary of Previous Lecture
Political heads Administrative heads Corporations Commissions ombudsman

2. Planning in Pakistan

3. Definition and Meaning
Fritz Morstein Marx says;
- “Planning is preparation for action.
It is the vital first step in any major administrative action. Planning is means to an end.
It is the process of formulating objectives to be realized by administrative enterprise”.

4. Definition and Meaning
John D. Millet says,
“Planning is process of determining the objectives of administrative effort and devising the means calculated to achieve them”.
“Planning is the simply endeavor to apply foresight to human activity, planning anticipate desired results and prepared the steps necessary for their realization”.
Those who fail to plan, actually plan to fail.

5. Types of Planning Development Planning Economic Planning
Administrative Planning

6. Planning Process There is no one best defined process of planning.
Steps involved vary from person to person and situation to situation.
Steps involved in planning are not rigid.
Seckler Hudson steps in planning are:
Problem definition
Exploration of information
Defining possible alternatives
Experimenting one or more tentative solutions
Evaluation
Reconsideration, readjustment or re-decision

7. Principles of Planning
Unity of plan
Continuity of plan
Timing of the plan
Suppleness of plan
Precision in planning

8. Planning Machinery
Most countries of the world have established a planning agency of one kind or another for the planning of economy and administration.
The structure, composition and the internal organization may vary from country to country but the functions they perform are almost similar.
Planning agency is involved throughout in the planning process form formulation to implementation and then post implementation.
Head of planning agency vary in different government systems.
Staff of planning is selected from variety of specialists and generalists.

9. Planning in Pakistan Planning machinery Planning Commission
Planning and development department / Board
District Government / Zila Councils
Sanctioning Machinery
Federal Level
NEC
ECNEC-executive committee of national economic council
CDWP- central development working party
Provincial Level
PDWP
Departmental Sub-committee
District Level
- Zila Council

10. Development Planning The Colombo Plan First Five-Year Plan
Second Five-Year Plan
Third Five-Year Plan
Fourth Five-Year Plan
Fifth Five-Year Plan
Sixth Five-Year Plan
Seventh Five-Year Plan
Eight Five-Year Plan
Vision plus conference

11. Chronology and Functions of Planning Machinery in Pakistan
Chronology of Planning Machinery
Development Board established in 1948 in the EAD (Economic affair Division)
Planning Board set up in First 5 year plan prepared for
National Planning Board established in 1957
Planning Commission setup under the Chairmanship of President in 1959
Functions
Consultation with:
Federal Ministries / Provincial Governments
Donors
Civil Society
Formulation of National Plan
Annual Plan
Five Year Plan
Rolling Plan
Perspective Plan (15-25 Years)
Project Management
Approval of Development Projects
Monitoring of Major Projects
Evaluation of on-going and completed projects

12. The budget process Constitution:
In Pakistan legal system, various provisions relating to budget appear in the constitution.
The budget when proposed as a bill before the parliament & once accepted is an act of parliament.
The procedure for general bills establishes that a bill can originate in either in national assembly or in senate.

13. Budget process…
Once passed by the house in which it originates, it is transmitted to another house & if passed without amendment, is passed to the president for approval.
The president must give his approval within 30 days.
Once it receives presidential approval, it becomes a law.

14. Role of Nation Assembly
Before its presentation to N.A., the budget is discussed by cabinet & approved.
The rules then provide that the budget shall be presented to N.A. by the finance minister on a date determined by the head of the house.
No other matter is discussed on the Budget day.

15. Role of Nation Assembly ….
There then follow a period of at least two days before any discussion of the budget.
At least four days must then be allocated for budget discussion.

16. Budget debate in national assembly
The annual budget system is generally presented at the N.A. during the 2nd week of June and is passed by the beginning of last week of June.
This process generally leaves 12 to 17working days for the various stages in budget debate.

17. Role of senate in budget process
Since 2003, it has been a requirement that the budget statement is copied to the senate at the same time as its presentation to the N.A.
The senate may discuss the budget proposal & make recommendation to the N.A.

18. Role of parliamentary parties
The parliamentary parties do not make organized advance preparation for budget debate.
Some parties do hold meetings during two days break b/w presentation and debate &are briefed by financial experts.

19. Role of standing committees
There are currently 41 N.A. standing committees, each corresponding to a federal ministry or division.
However, the current structure and practice excludes standing committees from any role in budget process.

20. Pre-budgeting consultation with civil society
No pre or post budget consultation process is held.
However, this is essential before to budget announcement, the total available funds, rather than any alternative to governments pending policies.

22. Corruption-Explanation of Terminology
The misuse of one’s own authority.
Corruption is the abuse of public office.

23. Types of corruption Policy Manipulation Collusion Extortion
Speed money

24. Transparency International
NGO
Monitors & publicizes corporate and political corruption.
It publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index

26. Historical perspective
Corruption remains a substantial obstacle for Pakistan.
Various efforts have been made to stop corruption.

27. Key sectors affected by corruption in Pakistan
Police and law enforcement
Judiciary and legal profession
Power sector
Tax and customs
Health and education
Land administration
Railway
PIA
Pakistan Steel

28. Moral Corruption in Our Society
Selfishness
Unawareness
Less temperament
No unity in the nation

29. Few Corruption Cases in Pakistan
Haj corruption case
Mighty corruption in health ministry
Education-ghost school etc.
Punjab Bank corruption scandal
Pakistan Steel Mills corruption huge robbery in Pak history
NICL

30. Reasons of corruption Low Salaries The absence of transparency
The absence of accountability
The lack of moral leadership

31. Image of Pakistan as a Corrupt Country
Transparency report of 2010.
Pakistan ranked 34th in corruption.

32. Effects of Corruption On Pakistan
Class Difference in society
Still in the under development phase
Weak institutional setup
Immorality

33. How to Curb the Issue Penalties should be strict
Accountability of ruling officials
Imparting Islamic Perspective
Teaching morality/ethics.

34. “To bring the change you have to change”
Allah will never change a grace which He has bestowed on a people until they change what is in their own selves. And verily, Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower. (SurahAl-Anfal; Ayat 53)
The revolution is not an apple that falls when it is ripe. You have to make it fall. Che Guevara

35. Challenges to institution-building
Pakistan’s list of political maladies is infinite, but includes:
pervasive corruption,
incompetent politicians,
a military-dominated state and bureaucracy,
ineffective political parties,
an ethnically divided nation,
unproductive foreign policy,
and persistent internal conflict (including terrorist activity).
Riots ensued across Pakistan after the assassination of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.

36. Corruption and state incompetence
Issues:
Disruption of balance in the power sector. 17th amendment passed by Musharraf in 2003 in order to perpetuate his rule; ceded many of the Prime Minister’s powers to the President.
Lack of transparency in the public procurement process. Bribery a major obstacle in the effective and equitable provision of public services; federal law permits open competition for government contracts, but state officials award in exchange for bribes.
Judicial accountability and inaction regarding extra-constitutional actions of federal officials. Judiciary the 3rd most corrupt sector in Pakistan; 86% of those surveyed by TI reported having to produce bribes to secure themselves a fair trial or to have their complaints addressed.
Military officials as well as politicians commonly have records of corruption charges. Current President Asif Ali Zardari has served several years in prison for such offenses.
In 2008, Transparency International ranked Pakistan as the 138th most corrupt out of 179 countries.

37. – Stephen Cohen, The Idea of Pakistan
The army
ISSUES:
Recurring seizures of state power. The military is
Pakistan’s most powerful institution and claims a role as
the nation’s almighty guardian; it harbors an intense
mistrust for politicians and has repeatedly seized control
of the state from elected officials, citing their
incompetence and corruption.
Failure of the military to denounce Musharraf’s
unconstitutional declaration of martial law in November
2007; though they disagreed with his actions, they did not
want to infringe upon their “right” to take control in the
event of political failure in the state.
Monopolization of state/bureaucratic affairs.
Military officials constitute an overwhelming majority of
positions in civil sector jobs; Zia passed legislation that
gives army personnel precedence over civilians in
consideration for government posts, which is still in effect
today. The military is also in ownership of numerous
private enterprises…the total balance of its assets is US
$20 billion, roughly 1/8 of Pakistan’s GDP.
“The army appears unable to govern Pakistan itself, but will not allow anyone else the opportunity to do so either.”
– Stephen Cohen, The Idea of Pakistan

38. Ineptitude of political parties
Aside from PPP, ethnonationalism divides parties
When conflict arises within party, party breaks up instead of resolving issues
Chronic history of military leaders vs. untapped long-term potential of civilian leaders
After former President Pervez Musharraf failed to step down after order had been restored to the state, as he clearly promised, riots erupted throughout Pakistan.

39. – Owen Bennet Jones, Pakistan: the eye of the storm
ethnonationalism
Issues:
Punjabi dominance. Given their higher accessibility to
education in comparison to the other ethnolinguistic groups,
Punjabis have been able to monopolize high-status positions within
the state/bureaucracy. Causes much resentment in other groups, who
see no share of Punjabi success.
Pakhtun separatism. Pakhtuns in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
complain of underrepresentation in government and a lack of
institutionalized Islamic law; they demand either an autonomous
homeland of “Pakhtunkhwa” or a “Greater Afghanistan” that would
erase the Durand line and unite the Pakhtun peoples dispersed
between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The possibility of a fusion of
Pakhtun separatism with the Islamic militancy brewing in the tribal
areas is of major concern to the state, which has had extreme
difficulties extracting these militants in their current numbers.
Baloch insurgency. Balochistan is Pakistan’s most resource-
rich province, containing large reserves of coal and natural gas; the
state has control of these resources. It has made much money off of
these operations by attracting FDI and has distributed them to much
of the richer, higher-status areas (especially Punjab), but not to the
Baloch. This has resulted in a renewed Baloch insurgency against the
state, which began in 2004.
“Islam was meant to be the binding force – but for many, ethnic ties have proved to be stronger.”
– Owen Bennet Jones, Pakistan: the eye of the storm

40. Anti-India protests in Azad Kashmir.
Foreign policy
The continued conflict in Kashmir has radically politicized many Pakistani youth and is deepening the already-great social divide between Pakistanis and Indians.
U.S. aid to Pakistan has fluctuated in last couple of decades
Questions of Pakistani sovereignty and U.S. intervention
Nuclear standoff with India, border issues with Afghanistan
Anti-India protests in Azad Kashmir.

41. Terrorism and religious/ethnic conflict
Musharraf weary of confronting militants
in FATA (Federally Administered Tribal
Areas) and NWFP (now Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa)
General Ashfaq Kayani knew how
important victory was to ease tensions
with U.S. and win U.S. aid, must prove
to Pakistani people that it is Pakistan’s
war, not America’s
Kayani talked to tribal leaders, formed
Lashkars and saw the restrictions of the
Taliban
Militants in FATA.
In 2000, the Central Intelligence Agency’s National Intelligence Council published a document that predicted what the world may look like in 2015, with special notes about Pakistan; lawlessness, corruption, and failures resulting from decades of mismanagement.

42. Recommendations for saarc#1
Terrorism and Religious/Ethnic Conflict
Work to cut funding for terrorist activities
Convince peoples of FATA to turn against terrorists
Ineptitude of political parties #2
Negotiation amongst party members as disagreements arise as opposed to party splits
Properly training civilians for careers in politics; production of a competent civil leadership #3
Foreign Policy
Bilateral negotiations on disarmament; a reduction of India’s nuclear program in exchange for a reduction of Pakistan’s