1. An Introduction, to Biological
Kenneth V. Kardong

2. Chapter 1
The images on this CD have been lifted directly, without change or modification, from textbooks and image libraries owned by the publisher, especially from publications intended for college majors in the discipline. Consequently, they are often more richly labeled than required for our purposes. Further, dates for geological intervals may vary between images, and between images and the textbook. Such dates are regularly revised as better corroborated times are established. Your best source for current geological times is a current edition of the textbook, whose dates should be used when differences arise.

3. Acquired characteristics
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Acquired characteristics
A regular and sustained program of weightlifting yields enlarged muscles, an immediate physiological response of muscles to the increased effort. However, these big muscles remain with the individual that endured the regular exercises, and are not passed to their offspring. This is because the enlarged characteristics result from individual effort, not from an inheritable genetic change.

4. Evolutionary predecessors
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Evolutionary predecessors
Over the years before Darwin, many biologists attempted to solve the mystery of the “species question.”

5. Darwin exploring the Galápagos Islands
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Darwin exploring the Galápagos Islands
Darwin exploring the Galápagos Islands

6. Galápagos tortoise Galápagos tortoise
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Galápagos tortoise
Galápagos tortoise

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Galápagos finches
Analysis of these finches led scientists to hypothesize that they were derived from one ancestor arriving from the mainland to populate and diversify across the islands.

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Giraffe necks
Applied to giraffes, Lamarck’s view (top) would expect that stretching giraffes lengthened their necks to reach tree-top vegetation, and this acquired characteristics was passed to offspring. In Darwin’s view (bottom), giraffes with long necks out competed those with short necks who died for want of successful resources.

9. Schools of evolutionary thought
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Schools of evolutionary thought
The views of Linneaus, Lamarch, and Darwin are contrasted. A) Linneaus saw each species as a separate act of creation, one by one. B) Lamarck envisioned the passage of acquired characteristics of one generation to succeeding generations. C) Darwin viewed evolution as descent with modification.

10. FIGURE 1.1 Charles Darwin (1809—1882)
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FIGURE 1.1 Charles Darwin (1809—1882)
Darwin at about 30 years old, and three years back from his voyage aboard HMS Beagle. Although The Origin of Species was still just a few notebooks in length and several decades away from publication, Darwin had several accomplishments behind him, including his account The Voyage of the Beagle, a collection of scientific observations. At this time, he was also engaged to his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, with whom he would live a happy married life.

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12. FIGURE 1.2 Carolus Linnaeus (1707—1778)
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FIGURE 1.2 Carolus Linnaeus (1707—1778)
This Swedish biologist devised a system still used today for naming organisms. He also firmly abided by and promoted the view that species do not change.

13. FIGURE 1.3 J-B. de Lamarck (1744—1829)
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FIGURE 1.3 J-B. de Lamarck (1744—1829)
(a) J-B. de Lamarck worked most of his life at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (b). His academic position gave him a chance to promote the idea that species change.

14. FIGURE 1.4 Alfred Russel Wallace (1823—1913)
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FIGURE 1.4 Alfred Russel Wallace (1823—1913)
Wallace in his thirties. (By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London.)

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FIGURE 1.5 HMS Beagle
(a) Longitudinal section through HMS Beagle. (b) The five-year voyage of HMS Beagle.