2. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Modified – Teddi Baker

3. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King” Andrew? OR

5. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

6. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

7. Campaigning “ on the Stump ”

8. Why Increased Democratization? 3 White male suffrage increased 3 Party nominating committees. 3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. 3 Spoils system. 3 Rise of Third Parties. 3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) 3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:  Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)  Democrats (1828)

10. Jackson ’ s First Hermitage Residence

11. First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

12. General Jackson During the Seminole Wars

14. The “ Common Man ’ s ” Presidential Candidate

15. Jackson ’ s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA]

16. Results of the 1824 Election A “ Corrupt Bargain? ”

18. Opposition to John Quincy Adams 3 Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites. 3 Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional grounds.  Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.  A national university.  An astronomical observatory.  A naval academy. 3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.

21. Tariff Battles 3 Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles. 3 Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton imports. 3 Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].  Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.  The South alone was adamantly against it.  As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.  They were negatively impacted  American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!

22. Votes in the House for the “ Tariff of Abomination ”

23. Land & Indian Policies 3 John Quincy Adams:  His land policies gave westerners anothr reason to dislike him.  He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!  He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.  1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty. Congress sided with the governor of GA. Congress sided with the governor of GA.

24. The 1828 Election 3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NY  He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:  Northern farmers and artisans.  Southern slave owners.  Farmers with small land holdings.  He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:  Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units.  Mass meetings, parades, picnics.  A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.

25. Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree

26. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

27. 1828 Election Results

28. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

29. The New “ Jackson Coalition ” 3 The Planter Elite in the South 3 People on the Frontier 3 Artisans [competition from factory labor]. 3 State Politicians  spoils system  To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY] 3 Immigrants in the cities.

30. Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory over his Supporters

31. Jackson ’ s Faith in the “ Common Man ” 3I3I3I3Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. 3H3H3H3His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.” 3B3B3B3Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

32. The Reign of “ King Mob ”

33. Andrew Jackson as President

34. The “ Peggy Eaton Affair ”

36. The Webster-Hayne Debate Sen. Daniel Webster [MA] Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

37. One of the most momentous debates in Senate history began over a plan to curtail western land sales. Senators from western states viewed this proposal by a Connecticut senator as a cynical scheme to preserve for northeastern manufacturing interests a cheap labor supply that might otherwise be lured away by the beckoning opportunities of plentiful western lands. Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina saw in this developing Northeast-West dispute an opportunity to build a political alliance between the South and the West. Hayne shared the view of southern planters that an agricultural system built on slavery could only survive with an unlimited supply of cheap western lands.

38. Hayne began the debate in this chamber on January 19, 1830. He contended that states, not the federal government, should control their lands and that states should have the right to set aside certain federal laws if they wished. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, the Senate's leading orator, responded by challenging the South's apparent willingness to subvert the Union for regional economic gain. In doing so, he broadened the debate beyond land, tariffs, and slavery to a consideration of the very nature of the federal republic.

39. Maintaining that the North had always been the West's ally, Webster successfully shifted the debate to one of states' rights versus national power. When Hayne again argued that a state had the right to openly defy an act of Congress, Webster returned on January 26 and 27 with his classic "Second Reply to Hayne."

40. The chamber was jammed beyond reasonable capacity as Webster, using his organ-like voice to great effect, –thundered that the nation was not a mere association of sovereign states, but a "popular government, erected by the people; –those who administer it responsible to the people; –and itself capable of being amended and modified, just as the people may choose it should be." Overnight, the Massachusetts senator became a major national figure, respected by his many friends and enemies alike. The Senate shelved the land sales resolution, and chances of an alliance between the South and West evaporated.

41. 18301830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

42. Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to Despotism

43. 1832 Tariff Conflict 3 1832 --> new tariff 3 South Carolina’s reaction? 3 Jackson’s response? 3 Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

44. Clays Sews Up Jackson ’ s Mouth (1834)

46. Indian Removal 3 Jackson’s Goal? 3 1830  Indian Removal Act 3 Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” 3 Worcester v. GA (1832) 3 Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

47. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

48. Indian Removal

49. The Grand National Caravan Moving West

50. Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

51. Jackson ’ s Professed “ Love ” for Native Americans

53. Jackson ’ s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830  Maysville Road project in KY [state of his political rival, Henry Clay]

54. The National Bank Debate Nicholas Biddle Nicholas Biddle [an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia] President Jackson

55. Opposition to the 2 nd B.U.S. “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ 3s3s3s3state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. 3s3s3s3supported rapid economic growth & speculation. 3f3f3f3felt that coin was the only safe currency. 3d3d3d3didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. 3s3s3s3suspicious of expansion & speculation.

56. The “ Monster ” Is Destroyed! 3 “Pet Banks” 3 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States. 3 1836  the charter expired. 3 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

57. The Downfall of “ Mother Bank ”

58. The Bank & the 1832 Election 3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!  Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.  Jackson refused to sign the bill to re- charter.  The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!  Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.  BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!

59. An 1832 Cartoon: “ King Andrew ” ? An 1832 Cartoon: “ King Andrew ” ?

60. Positions on the Key Issues of 1832 WHIGSWHIGSDEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Less concerned about the widening gap between rich and poor. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it would lead to economic chaos. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding economy was critical. Opposes Indian removal. Opposes Indian removal. Favored tariffs. Favored tariffs. Supported a National Bank. Supported a National Bank. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was alarming. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections to line their own pockets. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. Govt. should have a hands- off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a chance to prosper. For Indian removal. For Indian removal. Oppose tariffs. Oppose tariffs. States’ rights. States’ rights. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Oppose federal support for internal improvements. Opposed the National Bank. Opposed the National Bank.

61. 1832 Election Results

62. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren “Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

63. The Specie Circular (1836) 3 Speculators created “wildcat banks” that fueled the runaway inflation. 3 So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.  This move shocked the system. 3 Jackson’s goal  to curb the land speculation.

64. Results of the Specie Circular $Banknotes loose their value. $Land sales plummeted. $Credit not available. $Businesses began to fail. $Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837! The Panic of 1837!

65. The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!

66. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

67. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

68. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845