1. An acid can be defined as a substance that yields hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water. Simple acid naming: If anion name ends with “-ide” Then the acid name is “hydro_______ic acid”

2. HCl Pure substance, hydrogen chloride Dissolved in water (H + Cl - ), hydrochloric acid

3. An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and another element. HNO 3 nitric acid H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid HNO 3 HClO 3 chloric acid Formula is written with the H first, then the “other element”, then O

4. To name these, remember your anion names… Anion nameanionAcid nameAcid perchlorateClO 4 - perchloric acidHClO 4 chlorateClO 3 - chloric acidHClO 3 chloriteClO 2 - chlorous acidHClO 2 hypochloriteClO - hypochlorous acidHClO sulfateSO 4 2- sulfuric acidH 2 SO 4 sulfiteSO 3 2- sulfurous acidH 2 SO 3 nitrateNO 3 - nitric acidHNO 3 nitriteNO 2 - nitrous acidHNO 2 If the anion ends in “-ate,” the acid ends in “-ic acid” If the anion ends in “-ite,” the acid ends in “-ous acid”

6. A base can be defined as a substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH - ) when dissolved in water. NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ba(OH) 2 barium hydroxide NH 3 (ammonia) is also classified as a base. In water, it forms NH 4 + (ammonium ion) and OH- (hydroxide)

7. Hydrates are compounds with a specific number of water molecules attached. 1)Name compound as usual 2)Add “hydrate” with the appropriate Greek prefix BaCl 2 ·2H 2 O barium chloride dihydrate (in this case, the “mono” prefix is always used.)

8. Chapter 3 Atomic mass Avogadro’s number, the mole Percent composition Writing and balancing equations Amounts of reactants and products Limiting reagents

9. By definition: 1 atom 12 C “weighs” 12.00000 amu On this scale 1 H = 1.008 amu (roughly 1/12 carbon) 16 O = 16.00 amu Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) amu are sometimes referred to as Daltons (Da)

10. But, carbon is 12.01!?!?! Where do these atomic masses on the periodic table come from?

11. Natural lithium is: 7.42% 6 Li (6.015 amu) 92.58% 7 Li (7.016 amu) 0.0742 x 6.015 + 0.9258 x 7.016= 6.941 amu Atomic masses on the periodic table are average atomic masses, over all naturally occurring isotopes Average atomic mass of lithium:

12. Average atomic mass (6.941)

13. The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12 C 1 mol = N A = 6.0221367 x 10 23 Avogadro’s number (N A )

14. Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of in grams donuts shoes elephants atoms 1 mole 12 C atoms = 6.022 x 10 23 atoms = 12.00 g 1 12 C atom = 12.00 amu 1 mole 12 C atoms = 12.00 g 12 C 1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li For any element atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams) 3.2

15. M = molar mass in g/mol N A = Avogadro’s number OR Use dimensional analysis 1 mole atoms = 6.022 x 10 23 atoms 1 atom = (atomic mass) amu 1 mole atoms = (atomic mass) g

16. 1 12 C atom 12.00 amu 12.00 g 1 mol 12 C atoms M = molar mass in g/mol N A = Avogadro’s number 1 mole atoms = 6.022 x 10 23 atoms 1 atom = (atomic mass) amu (molar mass) g = 1 mol atoms 1 mol 12 C atoms 6.022 x 10 23 atoms