1. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Paul Dowling Institute of Education University of London

2. Pedagogic Dogma Plato Piaget Politics

3. Education = production & transmission of knowledge/skills in contexts that vary in terms of the strength of Institutionalisation of practices Educational Research = the production of knowledge concerning these contexts and their associated practices

4. Development Economics A-level Mathematics & MFL Texts Teaching and learning Japanese Sociology of Literary Studies Knowledge production in educational studies and medicine The rules of fencing Learning how to dress in Taiwan The regulation of online communities Lesson study project in Indonesia Modifying the practice of fencing Lesson study project in Indonesia Learning to write fanfiction

5. Some arguments for ‘why education research is not as straightforward as finding a cure for cancer’ – Philosophical – Sociological – Semiotic – Historical – Theoretical – Methodological – Political – Practical

6. Philosophical Arguments Objects of natural sciences (NS) are different from those in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) cause —> meaning Relationships between researcher and researched in NS are different from those in SSH

7. Sociological Arguments Strength of institutionalisation (paradigms) in R&D and schooling, but see: – Latour, B. and S. Woolgar (1979). Laboratory Life: The social construction of scientific facts. Beverly Hills: Sage. – Turnbull, D. (2000). Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers. London: Routledge. – Knorr Cetina, K. (1999). Epistemic Cultures: How the sciences make knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

8. Grounded Theory SAM Luria, Piaget Bernstein Social Theory (Some) Ethnography

9. Semiotic Arguments Objects are moments of a system not elements of a set Tacit knowledge

10. Historical Arguments Foundation disciplines (history, philosophy, psychology, sociology) Curriculum studies Subject studies Importance of authors in SSH c.f. scientific knowledge in NS

12. Theoretical Arguments Emphasis on theory building in SSH Value of petits reçits

13. Methodological Arguments Resistance to ‘laboratory’ approach in favour of fieldwork – Ethnography – Case study – Practitioner research – Action research – Clinical interview

14. Political Arguments In their condemnation, Gross and Levitt portray scientists as the good and virtuous defenders of rationality protecting themselves from the onslaught on the evil and misguided people of postmodern and feminist irrationality. They accuse academic groups that critique science as being guilty of 'intellectual dereliction' [...]. From now on Gross and Levitt advise scientists to be on the guard against the erosion of scientific rationality wherever it may occur. Scientists are encouraged to attend seminars given by nonscientists about science in order to set the record straight. They are invited to scrutinize the tenure decision of science critics and evaluate the science education curriculum at their respective universities to make sure it has not been infiltrated by anti- scientists [...]. Gross and Levitt's critiques go so far as to argue that if the humanities faculty were to walk out of an institution such as MIT, that the science faculty could manage to put together a respectable humanities program. On the other hand, if scientists were to walk out, the humanists would be unable to carry on the science curriculum [...]. (Ward, 1996; pp. 49-50)

15. Practical Arguments Negative comparison with medicine Lack of progress in education Jargon Career trajectories Funding

16. SSH Borrowings from NS Conceptual borrowings (proprioception, autopoiesis, emergence, affordance, homeostasis, entropy, …) Ethical reviews Research design (RCTs & experimental design)

17. What does educational research look like?

18. The Use of Research Closed systems Inform practice in contexts outside of that of its production Political or economic resource Interrogators of practice in contexts outside of that of its production

19. References Dowling, P.C. (2009). Sociology as Method: Departures from the forensics of culture, text and knowledge. Rotterdam: Sense. Dowling, P.C. & Brown, A.J. (2010). Doing Research/Reading Research: Re- interrogating education. Second Edition. London: Routledge Knorr Cetina, K. (1999). Epistemic Cultures: How the sciences make knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press Latour, B. & Woolgar, SLaboratory Life: The social construction of scientific facts. Beverley Hil. (1979). ls: Sage Turnbull, D. (2000). Masons, Tricksters and Cartographers: Comparative studies in the sociology of scientific and indigenous knowledge. London: Routledge