1. Chapter 26 The Futile Search for a New Stability:
Europe Between the Wars,

2. Timeline

3. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
Weaknesses of the League of Nations
The French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924)
Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion
Paid in annual installments of billion gold marks
Germany unable to pay in Hyperinflation!
3.25 x 106 percent per month 1923 = prices double every two days
(Hungary post WWII: x 1016 % per month = double every 15 hrs)
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923 (60 marks per $1 1921)
1924: New currency: 1 Rentenmark = 3 trillion old marks
The Hopeful Years (1924 – 1929)
Dawes Plan, 1924:  Reparations + $ loan
Treaty of Locarno, 1925 guarantee Ger. western borders
Kellog-Briand Pact: renunciation of war countries
Coexistence with Soviet Union

4. Breadline Nov. 1923
100,000 Marks = $1
100 Million Mark
50 Million Mark
10 Million Mark
500 Million Mark

5. The Little Entente

6. The Great Depression Problems in domestic economies
International financial crisis
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
Affects European markets
Unemployment
Social Repercussions
Powerlessness of Governments

8. The Democratic States Great Britain France The United States
Labour Party failed to solve problems
Coalition claimed credit for prosperity
John Maynard Keynes ( ): Keynesian Economics
Keynes says the government should create jobs
Obama: Stimulus Package!!!
France
Was the strongest power in Europe
Could not solved financial problems
Popular Front
The United States
Herbert Hoover, ( )
Franklin D. Roosevelt, ( )
New Deal
Public works projects
World War II ends the depression

9. European States and the World: Colonial Empires
Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa
The Middle East
Division of Ottoman Empire
Turkey
Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
India
Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948) and Civil Disobedience
Africa
Britain and France awarded German colonies
Protest movements

10. Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
Totalitarianism
By 1939 only France and Great Britain are democracies
The modern totalitarian state -- origins in WWI centralization of the state control
Active commitment of citizens
Individual serves the state
Mass propaganda techniques -- cultural control
High speed communication -- Radio, Movies (News Reels)
Led by single leader and single party
Different forms in different countries

11. Fascist Italy Impact of World War I Birth of Fascism
Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I (Trieste + South Tyrol, but not Fiume, Dalmatia)
Birth of Fascism
Benito Mussolini ( ) -- former socialist
Unsuccessful Elem. Teacher
Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919
Latin fasces (It. fascio): “bundle” or “union” -- bundle of sticks = symbol of “strength through unity” in Roman Empire
Growth of the Socialist party
Political stalemate + industrial & agricultural strikes
Squadristi, armed Fascists -- “the Black Shirts”
Fascist movement gains support from industrialists (+ middle classes, upper classes, etc.)
Formula: Anticommunism, Anti-strike, Nationalism
March on Rome, calculated bluff works
Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922

12. Victorious Fascists in Rome, 1922, Burning Socialist Literature
“Il Duce”
Fasces

13. Mussolini and the Italian Fascist State
Fascist Government
All parties outlawed, 1926 – Fascist dictatorship established -- Il Duce “The Leader”
Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state
“All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.”
Young Fascists -- indoctrination!!!
Family is the pillar of the state -- women encouraged to have many children & not work
Never achieves the degree of totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union
Armed Forces, Monarchy still independent
Lateran Accords, February 1929
Agreement w/ Church: Mutual recognition -- Italy & Vatican City

14. Young Fascist Movement
7th Anniversary
of Fascism:
Mussolini addresses
Black Shirts
In Rome
Election Poster
“Children Belong
To The State!”
Young Fascist Movement

15. Hitler and Nazi Germany
Weimar Germany
No leaders
Paul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925
Great Depression
The Emergence of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler ( )
Vienna
Lanz von Liebenfels -- Anti-Semetic & pro-”Aryan” former monk. Ostara radical pro-Aryan publication
Munich
The Rise of the Nazis
German Workers’ Party
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921
Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops (aka Brown Shirts)

16. Storm Troopers (SS) Munich, 1923
Hitler, Joseph Göebbels, Münich 1923
Adolph
Hitler
1923
Julius Streicher & Nazi Club 1922

17. Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont)
The Nazi Seizure of Power
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923
Hitler imprisoned
Mein Kampf, (My Struggle)
Lebensraum (living space)
Reorganization of the party
New strategies
Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 election
Support from right-wing elites
Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933
Successes in 1933 election
Enabling Act, March 23, 1933
Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi control
President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934

18. SA Occupies Workers’ Bank, Arrest Employees
Goebbels Addressing
German Film
Academy, 1934
Prison 1924
SA Occupies Workers’ Bank, Arrest Employees
Site of Beerhall Putsch Planning
The Volkswagon
(“People’s Car)
Hitler’s Project
1938
Founding of Party, Munich, 1925
1933: Hitler, Hindenburg, Goering
Saluting Hitler & Hindenburg
“Hitler Over Germany” 1933
“Death to Marxism” 1926
“Freedom from Misery,
Freedom from Jews!”
1933 Election
“End it Now!”
Book Burning May 1933
Autobahn, 1938

19. The Nazi State (1933-1939) Parliamentary republic dismantled
Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship
Constant rivalry gives Hitler power
Economics and the drop in unemployment
Heinrich Himmler and the SS
Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens)
Influence of Nazi ideas on working women
Aryan Racial State
Nuremberg laws, September 1935
Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938
Restrictions on Jews

20. Nuremburg, 1937, Hitler Youth Day
Buchenwald: Some of the 30,000
Jews arrested around Kristallnacht
Berlin 1936
Kristallnacht 10 Nov Looted Jewish Shops
Nuremburg, 1936
Munich Putsch Flag Ceremony
Nuremburg, 1938
Long Jump Record!
Japan’s Naoto Tajima (bronze),
American Jesse Owens (gold)
& Germany's Luz Long (silver)
Boycott Jewish Stores
Hitler Youth, 1933
Hitler Youth, Nuremburg 1936
Nuremburg Rally 1934
Kristallnacht:
Burning
Synagogue
Old Jews forced to scrub the streets

22. The Soviet Union New Economic Policy (NEP)
Modified capitalism
Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922
Revived economy
Lenin suffers strokes, ( )
Division
Leon Trotsky -- War Minister, Charismatic
Joseph Stalin -- In background
General Party Secretary
Used position to build up power base -- appointments
Trotsky ousted exile & assassination 1940

23. Stalin’s Birthplace Gori, Georgia.
1922

24. The Stalinist Era, (1929-1939) Rapid collectivization of agriculture
First Five Year Plan, 1928
Emphasis on industry
Real wages declined -- 43% from
Use of propaganda -- Stakhanov Cult & Cult of Personality
Rapid collectivization of agriculture
Famine of ; 10 million peasants died
Deliberate policy to starve Ukrainians, Kulaks
Political Control
Stalin’s dictatorship established, 1929
Political purge, ; 8 million arrested
Gulag Archipelago

25. Women on a Collective Farm 1930
Lunch during harvest on a Ukrainian Collective, 1936
Gulag Arctic Siberia
Young Communists, May Day Parade
Stalin Cult 1951
Let’s Get to Work! 1920
With Honor,
We will Fulfill
and Fulfill again
Stalin’s New
Five-Year Plan!
Cult of the
Personality
Worker &
Kolkhoz
(Collective)
Woman
1937
Former Gulag, Pevec, Siberia

26. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
Conservative Authoritarian Governments
Eastern Europe
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systems
Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutions
Greece became a republic
Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats
Adm. Miklós Horthy -- Regent of Hungary
Problems
Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary form
Rural and agrarian society
Ethnic conflicts

27. Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula
General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of Parliamentary Government (1923)
The Spanish Civil War
The Popular Front
General Francisco Franco (1892 – 1975)
Foreign intervention
Italy, Germany, USSR -- also Lincoln Brigade (U.S.)
Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939)
The Franco Regime
Traditional, conservative, dictatorship
Portugal
Antonio Salazar (1889 – 1970)

28. Guernica, Picasso

30. Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure
The Roaring Twenties
Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe
Josephine Baker ( )
Jazz Age

31. Jazz Age

32. Radio and Movies: Mass forms of Communication & Entertainment
Nellie Melba, June 16, 1920
BBC, 1926
Movies
Quo Vadis; Birth of a Nation
Stars became subjects of adoration
Marlene Dietrich
Used for political purposes
Nazis encourage cheap radios
Triumph of the Will, 1934

33. The Blue Angel 1930

34. Mass Leisure Sports Tourism
Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany
Dopolavoro in Italy (“After Work”)
Kraft durch Freude in Germany (“Strength Through Joy”)

35. Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years
Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable
Political, economic, and social insecurities
Radical changes in women’s styles
Theodor van de Velde
Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music
Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd
Dadaism
Tristan Tzara ( )
Surrealism
Salvador Dali ( )
Functionalism in Modern Architecture
Bauhaus School in Germany
Precedent: Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright & Chicago School

36. Dadaism Man Ray: Tears Man Ray: Tears Man Ray “Cello” Man Duchamps Ray
Male
Figure Study
Man Ray
“Cello”
(Kiki of
Montarnasse)
Man
Ray
Man Ray
Rayogram
Marcel Duchamps
The Bride Stripped
Bare by the Bachelors
Duchamps
Fontaine
Man Ray: Tears
Dadaism
Man Ray: Tears
Man
Ray

37. Salvador Dali
Corpus Hypercubus
Dali
Burning
Giraffe
Surrealism

38. Bauhaus V.d.R Farnsworth House, Plano, IL V.d.R. Chairs
Lászlo Moholy-Nagy
Photogram
1922
Van der Rohe
Lakepoint
Towers
1968 (1920)
Moholy-Nagy
Dolls
1926
Moholy-Nagy
Jealousy
1927
Nagy
Stairway,
Seaside
Pavilion
1936
Budapest
Heart of
Jesus
Church
Dessau
Atelier
(Artists’
Studio)
Budapest
Stairway,
Retirement
Home
Budapest Retirement House
Nagy: Shadows on Set of Opera Madama Butterfly 1931
Budapest: House
MVdRohe LakePtTwrs: (tallest bldg) after 1920 sketch
Meis Van der Rohe: Lakeshore Apartments

39. Cultural & Intellectual Trends (cont)
A Popular Audience
Kurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera
Art in Totalitarian Regimes
Art in service of the state
A New Style in Music
Igor Stravinsky -- beginnings of moder music
Arnold Schönberg (1874 – 1951) -- atonal music

40. Literature & Physics Between the Wars
The Search for the Unconscious
James Joyce ( ), Ulysses
Hermann Hesse ( )
Impact of Freud
Carl Jung ( )
The “Heroic Age of Physics”
Ernest Rutherford ( ), atom could be split
Werner Heisenberg ( ), “uncertainty principle”

41. Discussion Questions
How would you define fascism? How was fascism different from traditional authoritarianism?
What were the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar democracy?
Compare and contrast Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Germany. What did the two states have in common?
What anxieties were reflected in the cultural and intellectual trends of the interwar period?

42. Web Links Italian Life under Fascism
The History Place: The Rise of Adolf Hitler
Life in the USSR under Stalin
Joseph Stalin: Biographical Chronicle
The World of Kurt Weill
bauhaus-archiv: Museum of Design