2. The Growth of Unions

3. Knights of Labor First significant national labor organization with local chapters in cities throughout the United States. Membership open to any worker except lawyers, bankers, gamblers, and liquor dealers. Even management could to join. African-Americans made up around ten percent of membership. Sought to bring about reforms in working conditions and in society at-large. The Knights of Labor "Tried to be all things to all people..."

4. American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886) founded by Samuel Gompers as a national organization of trade unions. By promoting independent and autonomous trade groups it sought to compete with the centrally controlled unionism of the Knights of labor. In its efforts to improve the economic status of wage earners the A.F. of L. used strikes and boycotts to force collective bargaining

5. Labor and Immigrants Labor unions were often unsympathetic to immigrants. Business leaders were quick to exploit the cheap, desperate labor of unskilled laborers unable to speak English; with little political or organizing power

6. The Changing American Labor Force

7. The Molly Maguires (1875) James McParland

8. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

9. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  court injunctions  open shop  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  informational picketing  closed shops  organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

10. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

11. Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

12. Haymarket Martyrs

13. Governor John Peter Altgeld

14. Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works

15. Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

16. The Pullman Strike of 1894

17. President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

18. The Pullman Strike of 1894 Government by injunction!

19. The Socialists Eugene V. Debs

20. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”  Mary Harris.  Organizer for the United Mine Workers.  Founded the Social Democratic Party in 1898.  One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

21. The “Bread & Roses” Strike DEMANDS:  15¢/hr. wage increase.  Double pay for overtime.  No discrimination against strikers.  An end to “speed-up” on the assembly line.  An end to discrimination against foreign immigrant workers.