1. Materials developed under the European programme: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

2. BIZNES MIĘDZYNARODOWY SYLLABUS 1.Dlaczego narody handlują ze sobą? Teorie wymiany międzynarodowej. 2.Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki geograficzne. 3.Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki polityczne. Czynniki prawne. 4.Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki kulturowe. 5.Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki ekonomiczne.

3. BIZNES MIĘDZYNARODOWY SYLLABUS 6.Handel zagraniczny. Definicje podstawowe. 7.Pośrednicy w obrocie międzynarodowym. 8.Organizacja obrotu. INCOTERMS 2000. 9.Organizacje międzynarodowe. 10.Co kształtuje wymianę? Czynniki ekonomiczne.

4. Materials developed under the European programme: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS International Trade Theories

5. Mercantilism Absolute Advantage Comparative Advantage Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem International Product Life Cycle Why do nations trade?

6. Mercantilism One of first economic doctrines (1550 to 1800) Wealth measured in gold. accumulate gold by exporting more than importing Since amount of gold is finite, trade is zero-sum Assumes governments can control trade France and Japan are modern “neomercantilist” examples

7. Absolute Advantage Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations Produce and export goods at which each nation is most efficient Labor is primary cost factor

8. Comparative Advantage Ricardo in 1817 Trade success although no absolute advantage in trade goods Produce and export goods at which each nation is relatively most efficient Labor is primary cost factor

9. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory Differences in production factors Adds land and capital to labor as production factors that add value Concentrate on goods requiring most abundant factor Doesn’t account for transportation costs taste preferences available technology

10. Related to product life cycle theory in marketing Intro.GrowthMaturityDecline Unit Sales Time International Product Life Cycle

11. Unit Sales time Domestic Sales Domestic Production Exports Imports Domestic ExportsForeign Production Foreign Competition Import Competition International Product Life Cycle

12. Newer Explanations Economies of Scale/Experience Curve Lindler Theory of Overlapping Demand Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations

13. Lindler Theory of Overlapping Demand Focused on manufactured goods Trade between nations with similar per capita income Consumers’ demands are similar (overlapping)

14. Porter’s Competitive Advantage of Nations Four variables in competitive advantage demand conditions factor conditions related and supporting industries firm strategy, structure, competition

15. Trade Restrictions National defense Infant industries Protection of domestic jobs Retaliation Dumping Export subsidies

16. Types of Restrictions Tariff Barriers Ad Valorem Specific Compound Taxes Value Added Tax Import/Export Taxes Excise duty

17. Quantitative quotas, orderly marketing arrangements, countertrade Non Quantitative government subsidies standards Non-Tariff Barriers

18. Economic Development Developed nations Newly industrialized economies (NIEs) Developing nations

19. Developed Nations Western European nations United States Japan Australia New Zealand Canada

20. Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) Brazil Mexico Malaysia Thailand Chile South Korea Taiwan Hong Kong Singapore

21. GNP/Capita as Indicator Widely used to compare nations Values are estimated Some GNP unreported Barter trade not reported Exchange rates may not reflect actual value Assumes equal distribution Include other measures

22. Characteristics of Developing Nations-1 GNP/Capital less than $2,000 Unequal distribution Technological dualism Majority earn income from agriculture Unproductive agriculture Large unemployment figures

23. Health problems and malnutrition High illiteracy High population growth Reliance on few products for export Difficult topography Low savings rate Political instability Characteristics of Developing Nations-2