2. Lesson 1-1 Objectives To identify action verbs and direct objects 
To demonstrate an ability to use action verbs and direct objects in a sentence
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3. Lesson 1-2 Action Verbs and Direct Objects
There are two main kinds of verbs: action verbs and linking verbs. 
Action verbs tell what the subject does. 
An action verb names an action. 
It may contain more than one word.
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4. Lesson 1-3 Action Verbs and Direct Objects (cont.)
An action verb is often followed by a noun that receives the action of the verb. 
This noun is called the direct object. 
In the sentence above, the noun Africa is the direct object of the verb has visited.
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5. Lesson 1-4 Action Verbs and Direct Objects (cont.)
A direct object receives the action of a verb. 
It answers the question whom? or what? after an action verb. 
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6. Lesson 1-5 Action Verbs and Direct Objects (cont.)
Not all action verbs take direct objects. 
A transitive verb has a direct object. 
An intransitive verb does not have a direct object. 
You must examine how an action verb is used in a sentence to determine whether it is transitive or intransitive. 
Some verbs can be used both ways. 
Sheila read a book about Africa. [transitive] 
Sheila read in a great hurry. [intransitive]
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Lesson 1-6
Exercise 1
Identifying Action Verbs and Direct Objects
For the sentences below, underline each action verb. If the verb has a direct object, circle it.
1. The equator divides Africa in two.
2. Streams and wells create oases in the desert.
3. Camels can travel in the desert for days without water.
4. Not even cars cross the sand dunes.
5. In the eastern Sahara, the sun shines for thousands of hours every year.
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8. Lesson 1-7 Exercise 2 Writing Action Verbs I eat a big breakfast.
Write five brief sentences about yourself. Use an action verb in each sentence. Underline the action verb. If the verb has a direct object, circle the direct object. A sample sentence is provided.
I eat a big breakfast.

9. Lesson 1 Close
Close
Share and discuss the sentences you wrote for Exercise 2 with your classmates. Identify the transitive and intransitive verbs in your sentences as well as any direct objects.

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End of Lesson 1
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11. Lesson 2-1
Objectives
To recognize both direct and indirect objectives in sentences 
To use the objective case appropriately in writing
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12. Lesson 2-2 Indirect Objects
A direct object answers the question whom? or what? after an action verb. 
In the sentence below, the direct object is Egypt. 
Egypt answers the question what? after the action verb visited. 
Rachel visited Egypt last year. 
An action verb may also have an indirect object. 
An indirect object answers the question to whom? or for whom? after the action verb.
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13. Lesson 2-3 Indirect Objects (cont.)
The direct object in the sentence above is fees. 
It answers the question what? after the action verb paid. 
The indirect object is guides.
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14. Lesson 2-4 Indirect Objects (cont.)
Guides answers the question to whom? after the action verb. 
Indirect objects appear only in sentences that have direct objects. 
Two clues will help you identify indirect objects. 
First, the indirect object always comes before the direct object.
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15. Lesson 2-5 Indirect Objects (cont.)
Second, if you add the word to or for in front of the indirect object, the sentence will still make sense. 
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Lesson 2-6
Exercise 3
Distinguishing Between Direct and Indirect Objects
Identify the underlined word as a direct object or an indirect object.
1. Egypt gives tourists lessons in history.
2. The pyramids show visitors life in the past.
3. Sculptors produced statues for tombs and temples.
4. Artists made decorative objects of pottery.
5. Archaeologists study the ancient tombs.
indirect object
indirect object
direct object
direct object
direct object
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Lesson 2-7
Exercise 4
Identifying Direct and Indirect Objects
For each sentence, circle the direct object. Then underline each indirect object.
1. The floodwaters of the Nile gave farmers rich soil.
2. Wealthy Egyptians built themselves beautiful homes.
3. Parents fed their children bread.
4. Some Egyptians wrote relatives letters.
5. Gardens and rivers gave the Egyptians food.
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18. Lesson 2 Close
Close
You have learned to identify indirect objects by changing them into prepositional phrases. Make sure you understand this relationship by reversing the process, changing prepositional phrases into indirect objects in sentences such as these:
The coach told her funniest story to the team.
The principal gave his usual speech to the visitors.

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End of Lesson 2
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20. Lesson 3-1
Objectives
To identify linking verbs and associated predicate nouns and adjectives 
To use linking verbs appropriately in writing
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21. Lesson 3-2 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words
A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or adjective in the predicate. 
In the sentence above, the linking verb is connects Africa, the subject, with continent, a noun in the predicate.
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22. Lesson 3-3 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words (cont.)
Continent, here, is called a predicate noun. 
A predicate noun is a noun that follows a linking verb and tells what the subject is. 
A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and tells what the subject is like.
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23. Lesson 3-4 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words (cont.)
In the first sentence above, the predicate noun country renames the subject. 
In the second sentence, the predicate adjective scenic describes the same subject. 
Predicate nouns and predicate adjectives follow only linking verbs.
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24. Lesson 3-5 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words (cont.)
Some linking verbs can also be used as action verbs. 
The farmer grows tired. [linking verb] 
The farmer grows corn. [action verb] 
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Lesson 3-6
Exercise 5
Identifying Action and Linking Verbs and Predicate Words
For each sentence, underline the verb. Then identify it as an action verb or a linking verb. If it is a linking verb, identify it as followed by a predicate noun or a predicate adjective.
1. Village life changes slowly in Zambia.
2. Many people live in grass-roofed houses.
3. Villagers raise food crops on the land.
4. Some farmers appear content with their lives.
5. Other people move to the mining towns.
action verb
action verb
action verb
linking verb; predicate adjective
action verb
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26. Lesson 3-7 Exercise 6 Using Predicate Nouns and Adjectives
To complete each sentence, write a predicate noun or predicate adjective as indicated in parentheses. You may need to write more than one word.
1. I feel (predicate adjective).
2. My family is (predicate adjective).
3. I am (predicate noun).
4. My favorite food is (predicate noun).
5. I think basketball is (predicate adjective).
I feel sleepy.
My family is Puerto Rican.
I am a student.
My favorite food is pizza.
I think basketball is exciting.
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27. Lesson 3 Close
Close
Write a paragraph about your favorite food, using both action verbs and linking verbs. Also use at least one predicate noun and one predicate adjective.

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End of Lesson 3
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29. Lesson 4-1
Objectives
To understand the simple past, present, and future tenses 
To use verb tenses appropriately in writing
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30. Lesson 4-2 Present, Past, and Future Tenses
A verb changes its form to show tense and to agree with its subject. 
The tense of a verb tells when an action takes place. 
The present tense of a verb names an action that happens regularly. 
It can also express a general truth. 
The present tense is usually the same as the base form of the verb.
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31. Lesson 4-3 Present, Past, and Future Tenses (cont.)
When the subject is a singular noun or he, she, or it, however, you usually form the present tense by adding s to the base form. 
The chart below shows the present tense forms of the verb visit. 
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32. Lesson 4-4 Present, Past, and Future Tenses (cont.)
The present tense of the verb be differs from the base form be: am, are, is. 
The past tense of a verb names an action that already happened. 
Form the past tense of most verbs by adding ed to the base form of the verb. 
The future tense of a verb names an action that will take place in the future. 
Form the future tense by adding the helping verb will or shall to the base form of the verb.
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33. Lesson 4-5
Present, Past, and Future Tenses (cont.)

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Lesson 4-6
Exercise 7
Distinguishing Present, Past, and Future Tenses
Underline the verb. Then identify it as in the present, past, or future tense.
1. Larry learns about archaeology in the library.
2. Someday he and his parents will travel to Egypt.
3. Larry and his friend Ann watched a film about the Sahara.
4. This vast desert extends into Egypt.
5. The survival of the ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile River.
present
future
past
present
past
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35. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 4-7
Exercise 8
Using Present, Past, and Future Tenses
For each sentence write the present, past, and future forms of the verb in parentheses.
1. The capital, Cairo, (prosper) near the base of the Nile delta.
2. This part of the country (collect) the most rain.
3. The Western Desert (contain) few oases.
4. Oases (support) small villages and farms.
5. The sands of the Eastern Desert (extend) from the Nile River almost to the Red Sea.
prospers, prospered, will prosper
collects, collected, will collect
contains, contained, will contain
support, supported, will support
extend, extended, will extend
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36. Lesson 4 Close
Close
Imagine you are an archaeologist in Egypt. Write a paragraph describing what you find in the ruins and what you expect to find. Remember to use present, past, and future tenses.

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End of Lesson 4
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38. Lesson 5-1 Objectives To understand the principal parts of a verb 
To distinguish between main verbs and helping verbs 
To demonstrate an understanding of the use of the principal parts of verbs
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39. Lesson 5-2 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
Verbs have four principal parts. 
The chart below shows the principal parts of the verb learn.
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40. Lesson 5-3 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs (cont.)
The principal parts of a verb can be combined with helping verbs to form verb phrases. 
A helping verb is a verb that helps the main verb tell about an action or make a statement. 
A verb phrase consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb.
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41. Lesson 5-4 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs (cont.)
The most common helping verbs are be and have. 
The helping verb be makes a verb phrase with the present participle of a main verb. 
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42. Lesson 5-5 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs (cont.)
The helping verb have makes a verb phrase with the past participle of a main verb. 
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43. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 5-6
Exercise 9
Identifying Helping Verbs in Verb Phrases
Circle each verb phrase. Then underline the helping verb.
1. Some African societies have changed greatly.
2. The people of Malawi were living in family groups.
3. They have looked to chiefs for leadership.
4. They have formed one nation from many different family groups.
5. Many children in Malawi are working at jobs.
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44. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 5-7
Exercise 10
Identifying Past and Present Participles
Underline each verb phrase and circle and label its main verb as a present participle or past participle.
1. Malawi had acquired independence in 1964.
2. Bakili Muluzi has now assumed leadership.
3. The people have named Mr. Muluzi president.
4. The president has appointed a cabinet.
5. The cabinet is helping the president.
past participle
past participle
past participle
past participle
present participle
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45. Lesson 5 Close
Close
Write a paragraph describing some differences between life in Malawi and life in your own community. Underline any helping verbs and all past and present participles. For information about Malawi, see the sentences on page 342 of your textbook.

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End of Lesson 5
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47. Lesson 6-1
Objectives
To understand the present progressive and past progressive forms of verbs 
To demonstrate an ability to use verbs in the progressive tenses
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48. Lesson 6-2 Present and Past Progressive Forms
The present tense of a verb names an action that occurs regularly. 
To describe an action that is continuing, use the present progressive form of the verb. 
The present progressive form of a verb tells about an action that is continuing right now. 
The children are listening to a story.
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49. Lesson 6-3 Present and Past Progressive Forms (cont.)
The present progressive form of a verb consists of the present participle of the main verb and the helping verb am, are, or is. 
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50. Lesson 6-4 Present and Past Progressive Forms (cont.)
The past tense describes an action that was started and completed in the past. 
To describe an action going on some time in the past, use the past progressive form. 
The past progressive form of a verb names an action that continued for some time in the past. 
The women were singing a folk song.
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51. Lesson 6-5 Present and Past Progressive Forms (cont.)
The past progressive form of a verb consists of the present participle and the helping verb was or were. 
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52. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 6-6
Exercise 11
Using Present and Past Progressive Forms
For each sentence, write the present progressive or past progressive form of the verb in parentheses. Be sure your sentences make sense.
1. Students today (learn) about African nations.
2. For years a few European countries (rule) some parts of Africa.
3. Many Africans (grow) eager for independence in the 1950s.
4. Today most African countries (govern) themselves.
5. Now changes (take) place in African governments.
are learning
were ruling
were growing
are governing
are taking
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53. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 6-7
Exercise 12
Using the Progressive Forms
For each sentence, write the progressive form of the verb. If the verb is in the present tense, change it to the present progressive form. If the verb is in the past tense, change it to the past progressive form.
1. Visitors see great differences across the continent.
2. Temperatures average more than 100° in the Sahara.
3. Oases become dry.
4. Nomadic herders roam across northern Africa.
5. A family constructed a house with hard mud walls.
are seeing
are averaging
are becoming
are roaming
was constructing
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54. Lesson 6 Close
Close
Write a paragraph describing a trip you took. Use some progressive verbs and underline present progressive and past progressive forms.

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End of Lesson 6
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56. Lesson 7-1
Objectives
To understand present, past, and future perfect tenses 
To distinguish between simple, progressive, and perfect tenses 
To use tenses appropriately and effectively
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57. Lesson 7-2 Perfect Tenses
The present perfect tense of a verb tells about something that happened at an indefinite time in the past. 
It also tells about an action that happened in the past and is still happening now. 
Sheila has collected African jewelry for years. 
In the sentence above, Sheila began to collect African jewelry at some time in the past and still collects it.
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58. Lesson 7-3 Perfect Tenses (cont.)
The present perfect tense of a verb consists of the helping verb have or has followed by the past participle of the main verb. 
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59. Lesson 7-4 Perfect Tenses (cont.)
The past perfect tense of a verb names an action that happened before another action or event in the past. 
Before her last birthday, Sheila had collected only coins. 
In the sentence above, Sheila started and finished collecting coins before another event that also occurred in the past, her last birthday.
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60. Lesson 7-5 Perfect Tenses (cont.)
The past perfect tense of a verb consists of the helping verb had and the past participle of the main verb. 
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61. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 7-6
Exercise 13
Review: Identifying Tenses
For each sentence, underline the verb. Then identify the verb as in the present, past, present perfect, or past perfect tense.
1. Moroccan ships pass through the Strait of Gibraltar.
2. Morocco has exported fish and minerals.
3. In the year 711, Moroccans invaded Spain.
4. For some time, they ruled most of Spain.
5. The Moroccans had left many influences in Spain.
present
present perfect
past
past
past perfect
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62. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 7-7
Exercise 14
Using the Perfect Tenses
For each sentence, write the perfect tense of the verb. If the verb is in the present tense, change it to the present perfect tense. If the verb is in the past tense, change it to the past perfect tense.
1. Before modern times, Moroccan artisans created intricate silver jewelry.
2. They pounded metal into delicate shapes.
3. In the recent past, craftspeople constructed products from leather.
had created
had pounded
had constructed
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63. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Lesson 7-8
Exercise 14
Using the Perfect Tenses (cont.)
For each sentence, write the perfect tense of the verb. If the verb is in the present tense, change it to the present perfect tense. If the verb is in the past tense, change it to the past perfect tense.
4. They also work on carpets for export.
5. Farmers raise barley, wheat, fruits, and vegetables.
have worked
have raised
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64. Lesson 7 Close
Close
Write a paragraph describing an event from American history. Use present perfect and past perfect tenses in at least one sentence each. When finished, exchange papers with a classmate and work together to correct any verb tense errors.