1. Ch. 3 & 4

2. 1. Study of demography, language, religion, customs, political systems, economic systems, and culture 2. Culture: beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life

3. SOCIETY: A CULTURAL GROUP THAT SHARES A GEOGRAPHIC REGION ETHNIC GROUP: SPECIFIC GROUP THAT SHARES LANGUAGE, CUSTOMS, & COMMON HERITAGE

4. 1. Earth’s population is 6.7 billion 2. Population Density varies however (avg # of ppl per sq. mile) 3. Type of land determines where and how ppl live 4. When a piece of land reaches its carrying capacity, then the land can no longer support any additional organisms

5. BIRTHRATE: # OF LIVE BIRTHS EA. YR PER 1000 PPL MORTALITY-RATE: # OF DEATHS EA. YR PER 1000 PPL

6. FERTILITY RATE : AVG. # OF KIDS A WOMAN HAS DURING HER CHILDBEARING YRS (15-45) INFANT MORTALITY-RATE: # OF DEATHS OF KIDS <1 YR/ 1000 LIVE BIRTHS

7. This is the population growth rate. All populations have a typical population increase pattern. This diagram shows that pattern.

8. This is a graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population. Used to see what type of country it is economically.

9. Push Factors are those reasons why someone would leave their homeland and migrate to another country. Pull Factors are the reasons why that particular country seems appealing.

10. IMMIGRATION (PPL WHO MOVE INTO A COUNTRY) + BIRTHRATES = EMIGRATION (PPL WHO MOVE OUT OF A COUNTRY) + DEATH-RATES

11. URBANIZATION: THE GROWTH OF CITIES, URBAN GEOGRAPHY – STUDY OF HOW PPL USE SPACE IN CITIES RURAL: COUNTRYSIDE

12. SUBURBS: BUILT UP AREA AROUND CITIES METROPOLITAN AREA: CITY, SUBURBS, & THEIR LINKS

13. 1. Residential: where ppl live 2. Industrial: used for manufacturing 3. Commercial: used for private business 4. Central Business District: core of the city, businesses, housing, museums, etc

15. 1. Cultural Hearth: where major trait of human culture developed (Mesopotamia) 2. Language: reflects cultural identity, dialects 3. Religion: supports a culture’s values 4. Technology: availability and impact 5. Social Organization: social class 6. Women & Minorities: often treated as 2 nd class citizens

16. 1. Innovations: taking existing technology and resources and creating something new 2. Diffusion: spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior 3. Acculturation: society changes b/c it accepts of adopts an innovation

19. 1. Monotheistic – belief in one god 2. Polytheistic – belief in many gods 3. Animistic – traditional, belief in divine forces of nature

20. When cultures come together through diffusion. Natural blending of cultures.

21. Repressive governments often try to restrict cultural diffusion and so they limit free speech, free press, free assembly, what someone can read or watch on TV or the internet

22. TRADITIONAL ECONOMY: SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES, LITTLE SURPLUS, COTTAGE INDUSTRIES COMMAND ECONOMY: ECONOMIC DECISIONS ARE MADE BY THE GOVT. (COMMUNISM)

23. MARKET ECONOMY: FREE ENTERPRISE, CAPITALISM, LAWS OF SUPPLY & DEMAND, GOVT. REGULATIONS MIXED ECONOMY: SOCIALISM, GOVT. OWNS SOME BUSINESS WHILE PRIVATE INDV. OWN THE REST

24. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP): TOTAL VALUE OF ALL GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCED BY A COUNTRY IN 1 YR GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP): TOTAL VALUE OF ALL GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCED WITHIN A COUNTRY IN 1 YR

25. These are materials in the environment that humans use. They can be renewable or non-renewable

26. EXAMPLE: SOILEXAMPLE: WATER

27. FOSSIL FUELS: COAL, OIL, NATURAL GAS FORMED FROM PLANT AND ANIMAL REMAINS MINERALS SUCH AS GOLD, SILVER, TIN, COPPER

28. NUCLEAR ENERGY: PRODUCED BY FISSION, NEEDS URANIUM (LIMITED), CONCERNS OVER RADIOACTIVE WASTE WATER POWER: FALLING WATER TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY, INCLUDES OCEAN TIDES

29. WIND POWER: WIND BLOWS TURNING TURBINES & PRODUCE ELECTRICITY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: HEAT FROM THE EARTH IS USED FOR ELECTRICITY

30. Energy produced by the sun, also used for electricity, nonrenewable b/c the sun will eventually burn out in about 5 billion years

31. 1. Water is renewable, but limited 2. 460 million ppl live in water-stressed countries 3. Drought- US donates $532.6 million in food aid for drought stricken countries 4. Irrigation is the biggest consumer of water 5. Pollution is another major issue

32. 1. Activities that rely directly upon natural resources 2. Ex. Mining, herding, hunting, gathering, fishing, forestry 3. Farming: subsistence farming & commercial farming

33. 1. When ppl use raw materials to produce or manufacture new products of greater value 2. Ex. Flour, plywood, electrical power 3. Cottage industries – subsistence economies 4. Commercial Industries: clothing, cars, appliances, machinery

34. 1. Activities that serves others 2. Ex. Doctors, lawyers, teachers, judges, hairstylists, mechanics, restaurants, bankers, insurance companies

35. 1. Activities that focus on the acquisition, processing, & sharing of information 2. Ex. Education, government, information processing, and research

36. EXPORTS: GOODS SENT OUT OF A COUNTRY IMPORTS: GOODS BROUGHT INTO A COUNTRY