Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byRandolf Anthony Modified over 9 years ago
1
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D. H UMAN P HYSIOLOGY PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University AN INTEGRATED APPROACH T H I R D E D I T I O N Chapter 23 Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
2
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter How several key hormone pathways influence metabolism How cortisol is produced & regulated; how it impacts many tissues How thyroid hormones are regulated and their effect on targets The role of growth hormone in growth & development Calcium metabolism and its role in bones and cell regulations
3
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Control in Review Hypothalamic – pituitary: feedback loop & trophic control Hormones can have receptors on many diverse tissues Usually initiating protein change or synthesis in target cells Problems come from too much or too little hormone
4
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aldosterone, sex hormones, cortisol Synthesized from cholesterol–steroid ring Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production
5
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adrenal Cortex: Steroid Hormone Production Figure 23-2: Synthesis pathways of steroid hormones
6
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress Permissive effect on glucagon Memory, learning & mood Gluconeogenesis Skeletal muscle breakdown Lipolysis, calcium balance Immune depression Circadian rhythms
7
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cortisol Effects: Body Responses to Stress Figure 23-4: Circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion
8
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of Cortisol Secretion: Feedback Loops Figure 23-3: The control pathway for cortisol External stimuli Hypothalamic Anterior Pituitary Adrenal cortex Tissues
9
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway
10
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cortisol: Role in Diseases and Medication Use as immunosuppressant Hyperimmune reactions (bee stings) Serious side effects Hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome) Tumors (pituitary or adrenal) Iatrogenic (physician caused) Hypocortisolism (Addison's disease)
11
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Iodine Metabolism C-cells – calcitonin (covered later) Follicule cells Amine hormones: thyroxine, T 1, T 2 & T 3 growth metabolism Thermogenic
12
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings TH is concerned with: Glucose oxidation Increasing metabolic rate Heat production TH plays a role in: Maintaining blood pressure Regulating tissue growth Developing skeletal and nervous systems Maturation and reproductive capabilities Effects of Thyroid Hormone
13
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid hormone – the body’s major metabolic hormone Consists of two closely related iodine-containing compounds T 4 – thyroxine; has two tyrosine molecules plus four bound iodine atoms T 3 – triiodothyronine; has two tyrosines with three bound iodine atoms Thyroid Hormone
14
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Iodine Metabolism Figure 23-7b: The thyroid gland
15
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure & Synthesis Figure 23-8: Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine and iodine
16
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure & Synthesis Figure 23-9: Thyroid hormone synthesis
17
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the lumen Iodides (I – ) are actively taken into the cell, oxidized to iodine (I 2 ), and released into the lumen Iodine attaches to tyrosine, mediated by peroxidase enzymes, forming T 1 (monoiodotyrosine, or MIT), and T 2 (diiodotyrosine, or DIT) Iodinated tyrosines link together to form T 3 and T 4 Colloid is then endocytosed and combined with a lysosome, where T 3 and T 4 are cleaved and diffuse into the bloodstream Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone
18
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings T 4 and T 3 bind to thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs) produced by the liver Both bind to target receptors, but T 3 is ten times more active than T 4 Peripheral tissues convert T 4 to T 3 Mechanisms of activity are similar to steroids Regulation is by negative feedback Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) can overcome the negative feedback Transport and Regulation of TH
19
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings T 3 & T 4 Control Pathways & Diseases from Malfunction Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Thyroid Hypothyroidism Goiter (TSH ) Grave's disease
20
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21
T 3 & T 4 Control Pathways & Diseases from Malfunction Figure 23-12: Thyroid hormone pathway
22
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Growth Hormone (GH): Functions & Malfunctions Polypeptide H from hypothalamus/anterior pituitary growth (with T 4, sex Hs, paracrines) metabolism protein & bone synthesis Regulation – hypothalamus Dwarfism Acromegaly
23
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 16.6 Metabolic Action of Growth Hormone
24
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Growth Hormone (GH): Functions & Malfunctions Figure 23-16: Growth hormone pathway
25
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Growth H Somatomedins Thyroxin All have receptors on many tissues Stimulate pathways for growth Multiple Hormones Can Target a Cell/Tissue Figure 7-17: A complex endocrine pathway
26
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epiphyseal plate – new bone growth site Chondrocytes, osteoblasts & calcification build bone Bone Growth and Calcium Metabolism
27
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Growth and Calcium Metabolism Figure 23-19: Bone growth at the epiphyseal plate
28
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintain [plasma]: from diet, from bone "storage", recycled Key roles: muscle contraction, bone support, cell signaling Calcium Metabolism:
29
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30
Calcium Metabolism: Figure 23-20: Calcium balance in the body
31
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control of Calcium Balance & Metabolism Figure 23-23: Endocrine control of calcium balance Parathyroid H Calcitrol Vitamin D Sun/diet Calcitonin Thyroid C-cells (Phosphate balance)
32
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33
Osteoporosis: Disease of Bone Growth & Calcium Metabolism Figure 23-21: Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption Bone reabsorption exceeds deposition Osteoclasts mobilize Ca ++ to plasma Factors: inadequate Ca ++ intake, genes, hormones, smoking
34
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary In addition to insulin and glucagon, metabolism is influenced by hormones from adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid and hypothalamus Cortisol catabolic activities responding to stress Growth H anabolic activities to promote growth PTH, cacitrol, & calcitonin balance plasma [Ca++] for bone synthesis, muscle contraction, & cell signaling Endocrine diseases result from pathway or glandular hypo or hyper secretion
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.