1. 1 EggLarvaPupaAdult CHAPTER 45 CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN ANIMALS

2. 2 The thyroid gland of consists of two lobes فصين located on the ventral surface السطح البطني of the trachea القصبة الهوائية. It plays role in maintaining normal blood pressure الحفاظ على ضغط الدم, heart rate ضربات القلب digestion الهضم..etc.The thyroid gland of consists of two lobes فصين located on the ventral surface السطح البطني of the trachea القصبة الهوائية. It plays role in maintaining normal blood pressure الحفاظ على ضغط الدم, heart rate ضربات القلب digestion الهضم..etc. Thyroid glands secretes 3 hormones:Thyroid glands secretes 3 hormones: I.Tri-iodothyronine [ (T 3 ), 3 I atoms ]: amino acid derivative. II.Thyroxine [ (T 4 ), 4 I atoms ]: amino acid derivative. –Stimulates and maintain metabolic processes. –Secretion regulated by TSH hormones. 3. Thyroid gland: secrets hormones function تفرز هرمونات تعمل على in development التطور, bioenergetics, and homeostasis 3. Thyroid gland: secrets hormones function تفرز هرمونات تعمل على in development التطور, bioenergetics, and homeostasis ثبات البيئة الداخلية

3. 3 a)Hyperthyroidism: the excessive secretion of thyroid hormones causes: high body temperaturehigh body temperature sweatingsweating weight lossweight loss IrritabilityIrritability high blood pressure.high blood pressure. b)Hypothyroidism: an insufficient قليل amount of thyroid hormones because deficiency of I in human diet (causes Goiter).  Infants: cretinism القماءة أو القصر المفرط.  Adults: weight gain, lethargy كسل, cold intolerance.  Goiter تضخم الغدة : often associated with iodine deficiency نقص.

4. 4 It functions as:It functions as: –Raises blood Ca 2+ levels. –Secretion regulated by calcium in the blood. –Causes osteoclasts الخلايا الآكلة للعظم to break down bone, releasing Ca 2+ into the blood. –Stimulates يحفز the kidneys to reabsorb تعيد إمتصاص Ca 2+. –Stimulates kidneys to convert vitamin D to its active form, which stimulate intestine to absorb Ca 2+. Hypoparathyoidism (tetany): it is a lack of PTH which causes Ca 2+ levels in the blood drop.Hypoparathyoidism (tetany): it is a lack of PTH which causes Ca 2+ levels in the blood drop. Parathyroid gland: Parathyroid hormone (PTH): a peptide

5. 5 The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. –Exocrine function: secretion of bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes. –Endocrine function: insulin and glucagon secreted by beta and alpha cells of islets of Langerhans جيوب لانجرانز. Insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose level مستوي الجلوكوز في الدم 1.Insulin: a protein secreted by beta cells. Lowers blood glucose levels.Lowers blood glucose levels. –Stimulates all body cells (except brain cells) to take up glucose. –Slows glycogenolysis يبطىء تحلل الجليكوجين (a source of glucose). –Inhibits gluconeogenesis يوقف تكوين الجلوكوز. Secretion regulated by glucose in blood.Secretion regulated by glucose in blood. –Hypoinsulinism: diabetes mellitus نقص الإنسولين. Hereditary factors عامل وراثى and play a role in it.Hereditary factors عامل وراثى and play a role in it. High blood sugar levels – sugar excreted in the urine.High blood sugar levels – sugar excreted in the urine. Symptoms: excessive urination كثرة التبول and excessive thirst العطش.Symptoms: excessive urination كثرة التبول and excessive thirst العطش. 5. Pancreas :

6. 6 a)Type I diabetes mellitus ( insulin-dependent diabetes ). Autoimmune disorder.Autoimmune disorder. Usually appears in childhood الطفولة.Usually appears in childhood الطفولة. Treatment: insulin injections.Treatment: insulin injections. b)Type II diabetes mellitus ( non-insulin-dependent diabetes ). Usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin قلة الاستجابة للأنسولين.Usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin قلة الاستجابة للأنسولين. Usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age.Usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age. Accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases.Accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases. 2.Glucagon: a protein secreted by alpha cells. Raises يرفع blood glucose levels.Raises يرفع blood glucose levels. –Stimulates glycogenolysis تحلل الجليكوجين in the liver and skeletal muscle to produce glucose. –Secretion regulated by glucose in blood.

7. 7 The adrenal glands are located adjacent to the kidneys.The adrenal glands are located adjacent to the kidneys. –The adrenal cortex القشرة is the outer portion. –The adrenal medulla is the inner portion. I- Adrenal medulla المركز. It produces the following hormones (in response to stress): a)Epinephrine هرمون القلب a)Epinephrine (adrenaline هرمون القلب ). b)Norepinephrine b)Norepinephrine (noradrenaline). function as: Raises blood glucose level and blood fatty acid level.Raises blood glucose level and blood fatty acid level. Increases heart rate and stroke volume and dilates bronchioles.Increases heart rate and stroke volume and dilates bronchioles. Increases blood flow to heart, brain, and skeletal muscle.Increases blood flow to heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. 6. The adrenal gland:

8. 8 II- Adrenal cortex: reacts to stress. Secretion of steroid hormones in response to stress for example:Secretion of steroid hormones in response to stress for example: a)Glucocorticoids. Raises blood glucose level.Raises blood glucose level. Secretion regulated by ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic hormone ).Secretion regulated by ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic hormone ). Abnormally high doses are administered as medication to suppress the inflammation response.Abnormally high doses are administered as medication to suppress the inflammation response. b)Mineralocorticoids ( example: aldosterone, which affects salt and water balance ). –A third group of corticosteriods are Sex hormones. Androgens secreted by the adrenal cortex may account for the female sex drive.Androgens secreted by the adrenal cortex may account for the female sex drive. The adrenal cortex also secretes small amounts of estrogens and progesterone.The adrenal cortex also secretes small amounts of estrogens and progesterone.

9. 9 a)Testes hormones: –Testosterone): steroids. Supports sperm formation.Supports sperm formation. Promote development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.Promote development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. Secretion regulated by FSH and LH.Secretion regulated by FSH and LH. b)Ovaries hormones: 1)Estrogens: steroids. Stimulate uterine lining growth.Stimulate uterine lining growth. Promote development and maintenance of female sex characteristics.Promote development and maintenance of female sex characteristics. Secretion regulated by FSH and LH.Secretion regulated by FSH and LH. 2)Progesterone: steroids. Promotes uterine lining growth.Promotes uterine lining growth. Secretion regulated by FSH and LH.Secretion regulated by FSH and LH. 7. Tests and ovaries: Gonadal steroids regulate growth, development, reproductive cycles, and sexual behavior

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11. 11 Table 45.1 (continued)