2. Measuring Cognitive Distraction in the Vehicle David Strayer University of Utah

3. Multitasking and Driver Distraction “Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves.” -- Albert Einstein FACT: People cannot successfully perform two attention-demanding tasks simultaneously without declines in performance on one or both tasks

4. The Driver Distraction Triad Manual Visual Cognitive High Low Moderate Eyes off the Road Hands off the Wheel Mind off the Drive

5. An Example of Cognitive Distraction

6. Observational Study (Intersection Study – 56K Drivers)  Traffic Violations 26.5%  Cell Phone Usage 10.2%  OR: 2.21 (95% CI 2.09 to 2.33) Cell PhoneNo Phone Failed to Stop24161256714983 Stopped Appropriately 33323829441626 57485086156609

7. Basketball Counting Ta sk Report the pass count for team in white

8. Inattention-Blindness Test for evidence of cell-phone induced inattention blindness High-fidelity driving simulator Hands-free cell phone Naturalistic conversation with confederate Eye tracker Two phases to the study: Phase 1: Single & dual-task driving Phase 2: Recognition memory tests for objects encountered while driving

9. Recognition Memory Given Fixation

10. Encoding or Retrieval Deficits? Encoding deficits Reduced attention to perceptual inputs Clear implications for traffic safety Retrieval deficits Failure to retrieve prior episodes Less clear implications for traffic safety Event-related brain potentials recorded to traffic brake lights Single-task Dual-task

11. Traffic-related Brain Activity Elicited by Brake Lights Brake

12. Cognitive Distraction: Inattention Blindness

14. Successful Navigation to Rest Stop

15. Cell-Phone Conversation

16. Passenger Conversation

17. Are We Reaching a Tipping Point?

18. Benchmarking Cognitive Distraction ► How do we quantify cognitive sources of distraction? ► How can we use this information to inform public policy?

19. Benchmarking Cognitive Distraction Sources of Driver Distraction Baseline driving ★ Radio Book on tape Passenger conversation Hand-held phone conversation Hands-free conversation Voice messaging / e-mail (speech to text & text to speech) OSPAN task (memory/math task) ★★★★★ Driving Simulator On-Road Vehicle

20. A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction Driving Simulator Measures Brake RT Following Distance Brain Measures (ERPs to brake lights) NASA TLX (mental workload) Detection-Response Task (new ISO standard) RT to green light (20/80) Miss rate ERPs to green light On-Road Vehicle NASA TLX (mental workload) Brain Measures (ERPs to brake lights) Detection-Response Task (new ISO standard) RT to green light (20/80) Miss rate ERPs to green light

21. A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (Brake Reaction Time) A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (Brake Reaction Time)

22. A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (NASA TLX – Mental Workload) A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (NASA TLX – Mental Workload)

23. The Detection-Reaction Time (DRT) task The Detection-Reaction Time (DRT) task The DRT Task New ISO Standard 20% Green Targets 80% Red Distractors RT to Targets Missed Targets ERPs to Targets Target Light Microswitch

24. A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (DRT Reaction Time) A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (DRT Reaction Time)

25. A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (DRT Miss Rate) A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (DRT Miss Rate)

26. A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (Brain Waves to Targets) A New Metric for Cognitive Distraction (Brain Waves to Targets)

27. A 5-Star Rating System for Cognitive Distraction A 5-Star Rating System for Cognitive Distraction

28. Summary and Conclusions Three sources of Driver Distraction Visual Manual Cognitive Cognitive Distraction Inattention blindness Impaired recognition memory, suppressed ERPs Impaired visual scanning (tunnel vision)

29. Applied Cognition Laboratory