1. AP Biology Review Session 4

2. A typical operon
Regulatory
gene
Promoter
Operator
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA
Encodes repressor
that in active form
attaches to operator
RNA
polymerase
binding site
Switches operon
on or off

3. Early embryo
resulting from
nuclear trans-
plantation
Surrogate
mother
Clone
of donor
Nucleus from
donor cell

4. Early embryo
resulting from
nuclear trans-
plantation
Embryonic
stem cells
in culture
Specialized
cells
Nucleus from
donor cell

5. Gene regulation (a) operons oncogene (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) female
(a)
prokaryotic
genes often
grouped into
is a normal gene that
can be mutated to an
in eukaryotes
may involve
when
abnormal
may lead to
operons
oncogene
controlled by
protein called
can cause
are
switched
on/off by
(b)
(c)
in active
form binds to
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
are proteins
that promote
occurs in
can produce
female
mammals
multiple mRNAs
per gene
transcription

6. You should now be able to
Explain how prokaryotic gene control occurs in the operon
Describe the control points in expression of a eukaryotic gene
Describe DNA packing and explain how it is related to gene expression
Explain how alternative RNA splicing and microRNAs affect gene expression
Compare and contrast the control mechanisms for prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. You should now be able to
Distinguish between terms in the following groups: promoter—operator; oncogene—tumor suppressor gene; reproductive cloning— therapeutic cloning
Define the following terms: Barr body, carcinogen, DNA microarray, homeotic gene; stem cell; X-chromosome inactivation
Describe the process of signal transduction, explain how it relates to yeast mating, and explain how it is disrupted in cancer development
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. You should now be able to
Explain how cascades of gene expression affect development
Compare and contrast techniques of plant and animal cloning
Describe the types of mutations that can lead to cancer
Identify lifestyle choices that can reduce cancer risk
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Bacterial
clone
Cut
Bacterium
DNA
fragments
Recombinant
DNA
plasmids
Cut
Recombinant
bacteria
Plasmids
Genomic library

10. Mixture of DNA
fragments
Longer
fragments
move slower
A “band” is a
collection of DNA
fragments of one
particular length
Power
source
Shorter
fragments
move faster
DNA attracted to +
pole due to PO4– groups

11. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) DNA amplified via Bacterial plasmids DNA
Bacterial
plasmids
DNA
sample
treated with
treated with
(b)
DNA
fragments
sorted by size via
(c)
Recombinant plasmids
are inserted
into bacteria
Add
(d)
Particular
DNA
sequence
highlighted
are copied via
(e)
(f)
Collection
is called a

12. (a) (b) DNA amplified via Bacterial plasmids DNA sample treated with
DNA
amplified
via
(a)
Bacterial
plasmids
DNA
sample
treated with
treated with
(b)

13. (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) DNA fragments sorted by size via
(b)
DNA
fragments
sorted by size via
(c)
Recombinant plasmids
are inserted
into bacteria
Add
(d)
Particular
DNA
sequence
highlighted
are copied via
(e)
Collection
is called a
(f)

14. You should now be able to
Distinguish between terms in the following groups: restriction enzyme—DNA ligase; GM organism—transgenic organism; SNP—RFLP; genomics—proteomics
Define the following terms: cDNA, gel electrophoresis, gene cloning, genomic library, “pharm” animal, plasmid, probe, recombinant DNA, repetitive DNA, reverse transcriptase, STR, Taq polymerase, vector, whole-genome shotgun method
Describe how genes are cloned
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. You should now be able to
Describe how a probe is used to identify a gene of interest
Describe how gene therapy has been attempted and identify challenges to the effectiveness of this treatment approach
Distinguish between the use of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in producing recombinant DNA products
Identify advantages to producing pharmaceuticals with recombinant DNA technology
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. What is the process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype?
a. gene expression
b. phenogenesis
c. transcription
d. recombination
ANSWER

17. To initiate transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a(n) _______.
a. operator
b. exon
c. promoter
d. regulatory gene
ANSWER

18. Genetically identical organisms are called __________________.
a. operons
b. clones
c. microarrays
d. homeotics
ANSWER

19. Cancer-causing genes are called ________________.
a. pathogenes
b. oncogenes
c. homeotic genes
d. cancogenes
ANSWER

20. What substance is known to cause more cases and types of cancer than any other?
a. alcohol
b. food coloring
c. tobacco
d. caffeine
ANSWER

21. What is recombinant DNA?
a. DNA that is produced as a result of crossing over
b. DNA that carries genes from different organisms
c. DNA that carries oncogenes
d. an alternate form of DNA that is the product of mutation
ANSWER

22. How does a vaccine work? a. It inhibits bacterial reproduction
b. It kills cells infected with a virus
c. It provides temporary immunity to a pathogen
d. It stimulates the immune system
ANSWER

23. Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______.
a. archaea
b. bacteria
c. eukaryotes
d. retroviruses
ANSWER

24. What name is given to a region of DNA that is, with the exception of identical twins, unique to each individual?
a. genetic marker
b. codon
c. genetic probe
d. restriction fragment
ANSWER

25. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments primarily on the basis of differences in their __________.
a. G:T ratio
b. C:T ratio
c. A:G ratio
d. length
ANSWER