2. Outline »Chap. 3 ◊Visual Perception –Unconscious inferences –Preattentive organization –Retinal vs. cortical effects –Gathering Visual information –Visual Sensory Memory Study Questions. Describe the unconscious inference theory of Helmholtz. How does the theory explain some visual illusions? Describe the gestaltist principles of grouping Define visual sensory memory. How did Sperling empirically distinguish between a capacity and a duration hypothesis. 9/12/2015

3. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual Perception

4. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual Perception

5. Perception Perception is in the brain »Melzak : “Pain is in the brain” ◊Phantom limb pain » Filling in the blind spot » Complimentary colour mixing » Visual illusions ◊E.g., The moon illusion ◊Other illusions

6. Perception The unconscious inference theory (helmholtz) »Analyze cues in sensory input »Construct a perception with depth, size and motion. »Send perception on to conscious mind. The Müller-Lyer illusion

7. Perception Problems with the unconscious inference explanation.

8. Perception The frame illusion

9. Perception »Assimilation theory: We incorporate nearby elements into an object’s boundary when assessing size. Online Demo

10. Perception Size illusions based on linear perspective Chasing illusion Example 1 A great size constancy illusion: The power of persective Shadow and ball illusion

11. Coding of Contrast and Contour Three examples of exaggerated contrast

13. Coding of Contrast and Contour Receptive fields and on-off areas Contrast heightening

14. Hermann - Hering grid

15. Receptive fields and the Hermann-Hering illusion

16. Gestalt Perception Sensation and bottom-up processing “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” -> Perception involves an interplay between bottom-up and top-down processes.

17. Context and top-down processing.

18. Pitting the gestalt against sensation

19. Illusions deriving from top-down processing

20. Gestal principles of grouping Proximity.

21. Gestal principles of grouping Similarity.

22. Gestal principles of grouping Closure.

23. Gestal principles of grouping Good continuation. Online Demo

24. Figure/ground We divide a visual scene into figure (the object to which we attend) and ground (background). Example 1:

25. Example 2: Figure and Ground in MC Escher’s art.

26. Example 3:

27. Rubin Vase by Shigeo Fukuda

30. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual auras and migraine headaches »Cortical or retinal? ◊A retinal effect:

31. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual auras and migraine headaches »Cortical or retinal? ◊A retinal effect: ◊A cortical effect:

32. Perception and Pattern Recognition Extracting visual information »Saccades - eye movements, which occur in a jerking, start-stop fashion.

33. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory » Visible persistence » Selection from brief displays

35. HL BM QY XS ET WR

37. FZ NQ WU CD RY ET

39. GX MW EI VF TU RY

40. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory » Visible persistence » Selection from brief displays »Original findings ◊Observers remember 4 or 5 items (span of apprehension) ◊Sperling’s question: Where is the limitation? –Capacity hypothesis: The visual system only registers 4 or 5 items –Duration hypotheis: All the letters get registered but fade rapidly ◊The partial report procedure –E.g., Standing’s experiment George Sperling

41. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Sperling’s results Cue Delay (Seconds) Full Report 0.15.301.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Estimated # letters available

42. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Visual Masking » Averbach and Coriell (1961) ◊Two types of cues: Bar markers and circles ◊Partial report of 1 item.

44. JV WR TP NH YQ MX SO KI

46. JV WR TP NH YQ MX SO KI

48. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Averbach and Coriell (1961) Cue Delay (ms) 0 100 200300 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage Correct -100 400 500 Bar probe Circle probe

49. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Is selection from VSM precategorical? ◊Merikle (1980) ◊ Demo

50. H6 BM 8Y XS E7 W9

52. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Is selection from VSM precategorical? ◊Merikle (1980) ◊ Demo A R 8 T A R G T 36 G5 8 36 5 Correlated physical dimension Present Absent

53. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Is selection from VSM precategorical? ◊Merikle (1980) ◊ Demo Correlated Physical Dimension PresentAbsent Partial Whole 6.4 4.4 5.5 4.2

54. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Literal representation ◊Template matching

55. Perception and Pattern Recognition Visual sensory memory »Other issues ◊Ecological validity