1. Europe Looks Outward 800 - 1300 We see more and farther than they...because we are elevated and supported by their great stature. - John of Salisbury d. 1180

2. The Saga of Eric the Red “Greenland”? Ca. 985 Leif Ericson “Vinland”

3. Medieval Climate Optimum - ca. 850 - 1300 Carolingian Renaissance Serfdom declines in Western Europe - “yeomen”

4. I. Emergence of the Nation-State

5. A. France 1.Fall of Charlemagne’s 2.Capetian Dynasty 987 – 1328 - Hugh Capet Vikings!

6. B. England 1.Norman Conquest 1066 - Anglo-Saxons - William the Conqueror 2.Medieval cash cow - shire reeves Magna Carta 1215

7. II. Medieval life Rage for order…. Pressure to build stronger states vs. Nobility Church The Crusades: Clash of Civilizations

8. Genghis Khan 1162-1227 Marco Polo’s travels 1271-1291

9. A. City life 1.Urban Italy - part of Byzantine Empire 2.Urban social orders - merchants, craftsmen - “class,” not hereditary obligations 3. Alternative to feudal orders - tweaking of theology

10. B. Aristotelianism (New Logic) 1.Resurgent dialectic Gerbert of Aurillac Pope Sylvester II empiricism and faith - transubstantiation substance v. attribute

11. 2. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274 - Summa 1265 - dialectical / rational proof of God - “universal” Reason supports universal truth

12. C. Scholasticism 1.Towns replacing monasteries - universitas 2. Peter Abelard - education, logic key to understanding - academic star Peter & Heloise

13. II. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown

14. A. The Plantagenets 1.Henry of Anjou (II) r. 1154-1189 Angevin Empire 2. Legal reform - Norman Conquest - feudalism weakened - “circuit” courts

15. 3. Eleanor of Aquitaine 1124-1202 - dowry and power - Crusader - married 2 kings - mother of 2 kings Troubadours “courtly love” Cult of Chivalry

16. B. Rambunctious nobility 1.Running out of fiefs - primogeniture 2. Peace of God / Truce of God - Chivalry

17. “Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest?” Thomas Becket d. 1170

18. C. Church v. state 1.Otto the Great r. 936-973 Holy Roman Empire 2. Problem of inheritance - investiture

19. 3. Cluny & the Cluniacs 910 - Gregory VII 1073-1085 “Gregorian Revolution” 4. Investiture Controversy 1075

20. III. The Crusades 1095-1274

21. A. Christian Jihad 1.Urban II - Speech at Clermont 1095 Deus volt! “God wills it” Cluny

22. 2. First Crusade 1095-99 - Peter the Hermit “People’s Crusade” - Crusader Kingdoms

23. B. Third Crusade 1189-1192 1.Saladin 1138-1193 - unified Muslims 1.King’s Crusade Richard Coeur de Lion Frederick Barbarossa Philip Augustus

24. C. Consequences 1.Church & state 1.Moral authority - 1212 “Children’s Crusade” 1.Byzantine fall - 1204 sack of Constantinople

25. 1.Things to come - reacquainted Western Europeans with Eastern goods, classical learning - “stalemate” allows for trade, pilgrimages - Euro rivalries

26. V. Medieval Achievement and Failure The Angevin Empire

27. C. Medieval politics in flux 1.Loss of Normandy - vassal v. nation-state 1.Magna Carta 1215 - John I “Lackland” - Habeas corpus