1. Satellites, Weather and Climate Summer Institute - 2015

2. Linking SWAC with other sciences

3. http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/tropo.html Slope of Tropopause between equatorial and polar region – why ? Involves the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), biosphere (living things), and atmosphere (air) – hence all the sciences!

4. Tropopause temperature and Height -- Polar versus Equatorial regions real time-- http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html Northern Hudson Bay - CanadaPanama Canal Zone – Central America

5. Tropopause slope and warming Arctic (melting ice caps) -- Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes (Mar 2012) Jennifer A. Francis and Stephen J. Vavrus (GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 39, L06801, doi:10.1029/2012GL051000, 2012) Francis noted a weakening of the zonal component (west-east) of Jet since mid 1990’s as well as an increase in the upper level ridge (Diagram to right) over western US and mid Atlantic Basin) Recall Slope of tropopause and impact on character of Jetstream: less slope more meandering of jet and slower moving surface weather features…cold air moves further south Francis_Vavrus_2012GL051000_pub.pdf

6. Global Connections of Weather and Climate Jet Stream as of Jun 27 2015El Nino Jet Stream Pattern

7. Consider how global warming impacts the water cycle which impacts Ocean Salinity as a feedback Mechanism Change in Global Ocean Salinity 2004-13 http://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/shifting- ocean-surface-saltiness-2004-2013 If global warming via the water cycle makes rainy areas even wetter (and dry areas drier), this could increase changes in salinity. Why is this important… It could result in certain ocean areas becoming ‘fresher’ while others become ‘saltier’. For example, parts of the Southern Ocean and the northern North Atlantic got fresher between 2004- 2013. Meanwhile the Mediterranean Sea and parts of the subtropics of the Pacific and Atlantic—already among the saltiest — became saltier. Students could measure density differences between fresh and salt water … and consider what happens to movement of ocean water due to these density differences.

8. Deep ocean current is a thermohaline current – driven by density differences due to temperature and salinity (surface currents are wind driven) Example… normally in polar region, sea ice forms leaving salt behind which makes the water saltier and more dense. This water sinks and is replaced by fresher water…but the cycle continues setting up a current. What happens to the deep thermohaline current if we no longer have sea ice in the polar regions ? Is there an impact on global climate ? What Drives the Deep Ocean Conveyor Belt

9. NASA site includes :  Images (such as Image of the Day)  Environmental News Items  Global Maps (animated) such as SST, SSTA, Drought, Precipitation  Fact Sheets (El Nino, Sea Ice, Carbon and Water Cycles, etc  Teacher/Educator resource section to guide in the development of: scientific inquiry leading to understanding diversity and adaptations of various populations and ecosystems and their interdependence.  Students develop understanding of properties of and structure of the Earth system and the Earth in the solar system. http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86016

10. At the NASA site…compare Global Precipitation to SST and SSTA http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1 =TRMM_3B43M&d2=AMSRE_SSTAn_M http://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm El NiñoLa Niña WeakModStrong Very Strong WeakModStrong 1952-531951-521957-581982-831950-511955-561973-74 1953-541963-641965-661997-981954-551970-711975-76 1958-591968-691972-73 1956-571998-991988-89 1969-701986-871987-88 1964-652007-081999-00 1976-771991-92 1971-722010-11 1977-781994-95 1974-75 2004-052002-03 1983-84 2006-072009-10 1984-85 2014-15 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2008-09 2011-12

11. Good resources to study Greenhouse gases http://www.ciese.org/materials/k12/science/ environmental-science/ http://www.ciese.org/materials/k12/science/ environmental-science/ http://www.airnow.gov/ http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemiss ions/ http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemiss ions/ http://www.enviroflash.info/?_ga=1.2446645 82.2020356964.1433967738 http://www.enviroflash.info/?_ga=1.2446645 82.2020356964.1433967738 What chemicals are normally in the atmosphere vs those added by human activities? How do these chemicals react with each other? Are all greenhouse gases equally important? How do Global emissions of CO2 compare with USA emissions? Investigate which conditions are related to poor air quality: wind, temperature, moisture or visibility Are certain patterns associated with poor air quality Do your measurements correlate with the EPA Air Quality Index (AQI)?

12. Compare the Carbon and Water Cycles and the rolls they play in the life of the planet https://www.tes.co.uk/teaching- resource/the-carbon-cycle-gcse-11064260 http://science.nasa.gov/earth- science/oceanography/ocean-earth- system/ocean-water-cycle/

13. Chemistry, Math and Meteorology – Acid Rain National Park Service http://www.nature.nps.gov/air/ed u/Lessons/docs/educationResourc es.pdf Measure rainfall: inches vs mm Compare ph of rainfall samples from various storms To explain differing ph values, check variables such as: wind trajectory, convective vs stratiform precipitation, season, time of day, etc Chart or graph the ph vs rainfall amounts or wind trajectory Type of Industry located upstream from you area?

14. Actual data can help students relate mathematical graphs to clouds and thunderstorms formation http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/so unding.html Note the relationship between Pressure and Height ? What happens as one goes up in the atmosphere? Graph pressure vs height. Note relationships between Temperature and height compared with a Standard or Average Atmosphere 74455 DVN Davenport Observations at 12Z 17 Jun 2015- PRES HGHT TEMP DWPT RELH MIXR DRCT SKNT THTA THTE THTV hPa m C C % g/kg deg knot K K K ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1000.0 143 990.0 229 13.4 12.6 95 9.34 100 9 287.4 313.6 289.0 985.0 272 12.4 11.3 93 8.60 104 10 286.8 310.9 288.3 965.0 444 11.4 9.7 89 7.88 123 12 287.5 309.7 288.8 946.2 610 14.5 13.4 93 10.34 140 14 292.2 321.8 294.1 941.0 657 15.4 14.5 94 11.15 153 13 293.6 325.6 295.6 925.0 803 16.4 15.7 96 12.27 195 9 296.1 331.6 298.2 920.0 849 17.0 16.3 96 12.83 212 10 297.1 334.5 299.4 913.1 914 17.0 16.3 96 12.93 235 11 297.8 335.5 300.1 898.0 1057 17.0 16.3 96 13.15 235 8 299.2 337.8 301.6 881.1 1219 16.2 15.5 96 12.76 235 4 300.1 337.6 302.4 850.0 1525 14.8 14.1 96 12.04 260 7 301.6 337.4 303.8

15. Explanation of plotted pressure report - mb -- This was discussed in Mark’s presentation on decoding weather maps -- The pressure (upper right number) is in a shortened form of millibars. -- Either the initial ‘10’ or ‘9’ is omitted -- In general if the plotted number starts with a zero, then a 10 as been omitted. In this case, the actual pressure is 1005.6 mb -- Generally, if the plotted first number is a 9 or an 8….then you need to add a 9 as the first digit: thus 856 plotted would actually be 985.6 mb. -- Also, in this case the wind direction is FROM the northwest. Thus a cold front may have passed this station Station plotting model and surface weather map analysis

16.  When analyzing…good place to start is with previous chart. Then mentally idealize the general air flow trajectory and where you think the front is.  Then draw in isobars (remembering either a 10 or a 9).  Note extension of Bermuda High across southern US with Heat and Humidity.  Narrow ribbon of 67-74 deg dewpoints ahead of Cold Front from western Ohio west to Nebraska.  Bubble High over Chicago due to rain cooled air

17. Analysis Solution -- When analyzing…good to use previous chart as starting point. Locate general trajectory of air and possible fronts mentally then draw isobars. -- Extension of Bermuda High across southern US with temps around 100 and dew points 65-70…very unstable -- Cold front provides the trigger of primary lifting mechanism Note narrow band of 67-74 deg dew points fust ahead of derecho providing the fuel

18. Satellite and Radar imagery around 1040 PM Jun 29 (0240 UTC Jun 30)

19. Metric System Weather Observations and Forecasts

20. Canadian Weather Observation Observation: Toronto Pearson Int'l Airport Date/Time : 1:00 PM EDT Saturday 27 June 2015 Weather: Light Rain Visibility: 10 km Temperature: 14.8°C Dewpoint: 13.0°C Humidity: 89% Wind: ENE 20 km/h Pressure: 101.5 kPa falling United States Weather Observation Greater Buffalo International Airport (KBUF) Last update 27 Jun 12:54 pm EDT Weather: Rain Fog/Mist Visibility: 5.00 mi Temperature: 63°F/17°C Dewpoint: 60°F (16°C) Humidity: 90% Wind Speed: E 12 mph Barometer: 29.92 in (1013.2 mb)

21. Canadian Forecasts and Metric System Millimeter vs inches … km/h wind Issued: 11:00 AM EDT Saturday 27 June 2015 Date Detailed Forecast Today Cloudy. Rain beginning near noon. Amount 10 to 15 mm. Wind northeast 20 km/h gusting to 40 becoming east 40 gusting to 60 early this afternoon. High 18. UV index 3 or moderate. Tonight Rain. Amount 10 to 20 mm. Wind east 30 km/h gusting to 50. Low 13. Sun, 28 Jun Rain. Amount 5 to 10 mm. Wind northeast 20 km/h. High 16. Metres vs feet Marine Forecast Western Lake Ontario Issued 10:30 AM EDT SAT 27 June 2015 Synopsis…At 10:30 a.m. EDT today low 1004 mb located over northwestern Ohio. By 10:30 a.m. EDT Sunday low 1000 mb located over western New York State. Winds Today Tonight and Sunday Gale warning in effect. Wind east 20 knots increasing to northeast 30 this afternoon and to northeast 35 early this evening. Wind diminishing to northeast 30 near midnight and to northeast 20 Sunday morning. Wind diminishing to north 10 Sunday afternoon. Waves Today Tonight and Sunday Waves one metre building to one and one half metres this afternoon and to 2 to 3 early this evening. Waves subsiding to one and one half metres near noon Sunday and to one half metre or less Sunday evening.

22. Temperature is a measure of how fast an objects particles are moving. Comparison of 0 C to 0 F Celsius to Fahrenheit: (°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F Fahrenheit to Celsius: (°F − 32) x 5/9 = °C Use 1.8 instead of 9/5 C x 2 + 30 = ~F °C°FDescription 100212Water boils 40104Hot Bath 37 98. 6 Body temperature 3086Beach weather 2170 Room temperature 1050Cool Day 032 Freezing point of water −180Very Cold Day −40 Extremely Cold Day (and the same number!)

23. Have a great summer