2. 480-87 - Review an immigration literacy test. - Describe the problems/obstacles facing immigrants during the late 19 th and early 20 th century. 480-87 - Review an immigration literacy test. - Describe the problems/obstacles facing immigrants during the late 19 th and early 20 th century.

3. Quiz:

4. Analyzing Primary Source Documents: -“New Immigrants to America: Sample Literacy Test” -“New Immigrants to America: Sample Literacy Test” - “President Cleveland (Dem.) : Opposing Literacy Test” - “President Cleveland (Dem.) : Opposing Literacy Test” - “Senator Lodge (Repub.): Favoring Literacy Test” - “Senator Lodge (Repub.): Favoring Literacy Test”-Interpretation: -Point of View:

5. New Immigrants to the United States “New Immigrants” “New Immigrants” Between 1870-1910 immigrants mainly came from Between 1870-1910 immigrants mainly came from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia and Mexico, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia and Mexico, instead of from Northern Europe. instead of from Northern Europe. Over 20 million immigrants journeyed to the U.S. Over 20 million immigrants journeyed to the U.S. during this “wave” of immigration including Germans, during this “wave” of immigration including Germans, Irish, Italians, Poles, Asians and Mexicans. Irish, Italians, Poles, Asians and Mexicans.

6. New Immigrants to the United States Reasons for Immigration: (Push/pull factors) Reasons for Immigration: (Push/pull factors) Economic distress due to increased population. Economic distress due to increased population. Poland and Italy Poland and Italy Religious persecution Religious persecution Russian Jews faced “pogroms”. Russian Jews faced “pogroms”. Transportation systems in Europe boomed, making Transportation systems in Europe boomed, making it possible for large-scale migration it possible for large-scale migration. American steamship & railroad co. agents Many immigrants came to earn money and then Many immigrants came to earn money and then return home – “birds of passage”. return home – “birds of passage”. Chain Migration sped up rate of immigration. Chain Migration sped up rate of immigration.

7. Steerage Passage to New York, (1902) – The cheapest passenger ticket on a ship to the U.S. from foreign lands.

8. Ellis Island

9. Ellis Island “holding area” for newly arrived immigrants.

10. checking for disease Health inspection Health inspection

11. New Immigration (1870- 1910) The Neighborhood The Neighborhood Settled in the same neighborhoods such as “The Settled in the same neighborhoods such as “The Pinch” in Memphis and “The Hill” in St. Louis. Pinch” in Memphis and “The Hill” in St. Louis.

12. Little Italy (New York)

14. New Immigration (1870- 1910) The Neighborhood The Neighborhood Settled in the same neighborhoods such as “The Settled in the same neighborhoods such as “The Pinch” in Memphis and “The Hill” in St. Louis. Pinch” in Memphis and “The Hill” in St. Louis. The Church formed the center of the neighborhood. The Church formed the center of the neighborhood. Formed ethnic associations to help members. Formed ethnic associations to help members. Published ethnic newspapers. Published ethnic newspapers. EFFECT? Slowed “assimilation” into American EFFECT? Slowed “assimilation” into American culture (the adoption of a new culture). culture (the adoption of a new culture). The Job The Job Jobs were usually secured with the help of fellow Jobs were usually secured with the help of fellow countrymen, contractors (fee based), or ethnic countrymen, contractors (fee based), or ethnic associations. associations. Many immigrants also faced discrimination in terms Many immigrants also faced discrimination in terms of what types of work they found. of what types of work they found.

15. New Immigration (1870- 1910) Obstacle ?Obstacle ?Obstacle Nativism Nativism Favoring native-born inhabitants interests and Favoring native-born inhabitants interests and culture over those of immigrants. culture over those of immigrants. Caused by the fear of job competition AND the Caused by the fear of job competition AND the idea of a “natural hierarchy” of immigrants. idea of a “natural hierarchy” of immigrants.

16. New Immigration (1870-1910) Obstacle ?Obstacle ? Nativism Nativism Favoring native-born inhabitants interests and Favoring native-born inhabitants interests and culture over those of immigrants. culture over those of immigrants. Caused by the fear of job competition AND the Caused by the fear of job competition AND the idea of a “natural hierarchy” of immigrants. idea of a “natural hierarchy” of immigrants. Result: Result: Naturalization Act (1870) Naturalization Act (1870) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) American Protective Association (1887) American Protective Association (1887) Immigration Restriction League (1894) Immigration Restriction League (1894) The Great Migration also represented additional The Great Migration also represented additional job competition for many immigrants. job competition for many immigrants.