1. MARITIME TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PORTS

2. PORT  Port is a place that provides for the vessel transfer of cargo and passengers to and from waterways and shores.  Port is a "node" in a transportation system, connected to other ports and inland destinations by spokes or transportation routes or corridors.  Ports are not only nodes in transport chains but are also important clusters of economic activities.  Ports are areas where value added activities can take place and where goods can be stored.

3. PORT  A seaport is an area with maritime and hinterland (interrior) access that has developed into a logistics and industrial centre, playing an important role in global industrial and logistics networks.  Connection between maritime network on the seaside and the hinterland network on the landside.  Hinterland accessibility plays an important role in port growth and competitiveness.  Ports seem to be a location for so called integrated intermodal logistics centres.  Seaport is a ship/shore interface or maritime intermodal interface

4. PORT  Seaports are the areas where there are facilities for berthing or anchoring ships and where there is the equipment for the transfer of the goods from ship to shore or shore to ship.  Ports should be considered as one of the most vital aspects of a national transport infrastructure.  Ports are main transport link with their trading partners and thus a focal point for motorways and railways system.  Ports are a major economic multiplier for the nation’s prosperity.  A port is not only a gateway for trade but most ports attract commercial infrastructure in the form of banks, agencies, depots,DCs etc.

5. PORT  Containerasation > equipments needed > capital intensive > competitiveness  Containerization has greatly facilitated the just-in-time production and door-to-door transport services; as a consequence, a port becomes a part of the "network."  Major ports around the world are reexamining what it takes to be a key link in the logistics chain.  As an important link in the logistics chain, ocean ports are improving automation and facilities.  The best port is the one that does not break the flow of traffic.

6. Definitions  Harbour: A shelter, either natural or artifical, for ships.  Dock: An artifically constructed shelter for shipping.  Breakwater or Mole: A long solid structure,built on the seaward side of the harbour, for protection against the weather, rough seas and swell.  Wharf: A structure built along the shore where vessels can berth alongside.

7. Definitions  Pier or Jetty: A structure built out from the shore or river bank on masonary,steel or wooden piles for berthing ships.  Stevedore (docker): A person employed in moving the cargo on or off the ship.  Tug: A small power-driven vessel used in ports and harbours to: Tow barges and other unpowered craft Help large vessels to manoeuvre Help in salvage and rescue situations

8. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF PORTS  Accidents  Cargo damage or theft  Maintenance & Repair  Cost (delay,documentary)  Delay  Survey  Shipping services (eg: agents, brokers etc)  Customs and government policies

9. ROLE OF A PORT  Distribution Centre  Industrial zone and energy supply base  Trading centre – attracting banks, brokers and traders  Urbanization and city redevelopment centre  Life activity base (for the smaller rural ports)  Maritime leisure base (yacht marinas, cruise ship terminals etc)

10. FUNDAMENTAL_PORT  A ship is an entity, a port simply a collection of activities.  Most ships and ship operators are international in their design and ways of working, ports tend to be more local.  Due to intermodalism, ports now have to compete for cargo very much more than in past.  Important part of a nation’s transport infrastructure.  The increase in ship size cause problems for many ports  Large ships trade between large ports (centre ports), smaller ships (feeder vessels) distribute the cargo to the smaller ports. (hub and spoke)

11. MAIN FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES OF A PORT  Civil Engineering Features Sea and land access Infrastructure for ships berthing Road and rail network Industrial area management  Opertaional Functions Pilotage, tugging and mooring activities Use of berths, sheds etc Loading,discharging,storag e and distribution of cargo  Administrative Functions Control of vehicles, all modes Environmental control Control of dangerous cargo Safety and security Immigration,health, customs and commercial documentary

12. PORT TYPES  Container Ports, RO/RO ports  Dry Bulk Cargo Ports  Liquid Bulk Cargo Ports (LNG)  Naval Port  Marina  Fishing Port  Multi Purpose Ports  Ship building & maintenance ports

13. 3 main activities in maritime transportation 1. Export 2. Import 3. Transhipment

14. PORT SERVICES  Pilotage  Tugboat  Dockage  Sanitary  Customs control  Hatchcover and draft control

15. Ports and Transportation Economy  Integration of sea way transportation via railways at ports has great importance.  There are two steps of basic income calculation of ports. 1. how many cargoes have been stuffed in fiscal year. (ton, m3, teu, etc.) 2. the unit charge that the port authority will collect. Technically, the income per stuffed unit tone is based on the port’s productivity.

16. PORT MANAGEMENT  First Generation Port: Upto 1960 a port is the cargo interface location between land and sea transport and recognised by; Isolated from transport and trade activities Independent kingdom Different port activities isolated from each other Usually a breakbulk or bulk port

17. PORT MANAGEMENT  Second Generation Port: Developed as a transport,industrial and commercial service centre and can be recognised by; Offers industrial and commercial services Policies and development strategies are based on broader concepts, more sophisticated management. Industrial facilities set up in port area Enjoy closer relationship with transport and trade partners. Develop closer relationship with locality. Different activities become more integrated.

18. PORT MANAGEMENT  Third Generation Port: Emerged in 1980s (containerisation and intermodalism) and can be recognised by; Seen as hub of international production and distribution (proactive management; not reactive) Activities are specialized,variable and integrated. Infrastructure is planned equal to structure and information processing facilities. Adds value to the primary product. Works towards environmental protection Tries to simplify customs’ procedures Organisational structures are integrated.

19. PORT MANAGEMENT  Fourth Generation Port: Development appeared in 1990s (focus on globalisation). Globalisation has seen a standardisation of information and procedures and a greater and more sophistiated use of automation.

20. Port Management Objectives  Adoptation of ISO Code 9000  Quality Management 1) Ways of minimizing costs;  Minimize payments by users  Minimize users total through transport costs  Minimize port costs 2) Maximization of benefits;  Maximize benefits to the owners of the port.  Maximize benefits to the town,region or country.

21. The Importance of Railway-Port Relationship  The criterions, which define the productivity of a port are; location, security, sufficiency connections that provide a good transportation network in reach.  The railway and port connection and the importance of the modern railway operations lie under container transportation.

22. The Importance of Railway-Port Relationship  In order to increase port productivity; the service quality has to be raised; frequent calls to other ports from the port and to provide the shortest transit times. within the integration of ports to modern railway transportation system and use of electronic data interchange (EDI) and management information systems (MIS), the ports will gain competitive advantage.

23. PORT COMPETITON  Port competition has been driven by two separate but related developments in the shipping industry. Containerization Devolution of public responsibility in ports through privatization and commercialization of activities

24. PORT COMPETITON  Both containerization and port commercialization intensify port competition  Increased cargo movements are certainly stressing ports and their hinterlands' transportation systems.  Congestion is a serious problem at many ports around the world.

25. BERTHS AND TERMINALS  Berth: Designed location in ports, where a vessel moored for purpose of loading/unloading.  Berth must wait for the ship not the ship for the berth.  Vessels assigned to berths by port authority.  Service Time: The period of time during which a vessel is berthed in a port whether the ship works or not. Include working and non-working time

26. BERTHS AND TERMINALS  Waiting Time: The time a ship is waiting for an available berth.  3 options to reduce waiting time; 1. Increase the number of berths 2. Increase the working timw at berths 3. Increase the terminal cargo-handling productivity

27. BERTHS AND TERMINALS  Types of Berth Container Berth  cntr cranes used for load/unload  large area for cntr storage RO/RO Berth  load/unload via ramps  car park should be adjacent to the ship Bulk berth  should be near to silos  vessel load using conveyor

28. BERTHS AND TERMINALS Tanker berth  built on jetties  terminal close to refinery General berth  vessel’s lifting gears or mobile cranes in the port used for loading/unloading

29. Global Marine container terminal operating companies 1. PSA Corporation: Singapore,Fuzhou,Aden,Genoa, Venice 2. Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH): A.P. Moller owns 10% of shares: Hong Kong,Shanghai,Yantian, Felixstowe, Thamesport,Port Klang, Rotterdam 3. P&O Ports: Sydney,Melbourne,Southampton,Cagliari, Genoa,Nhava Sheva,Buenos Aires,Colombo,Manila, Shekou 4. Stevedoring Service of America (SSA):Seattle,Portland, Oakland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Long Beach 5. ICTSI: Manila,Buenos Aires,Rosario,Veracruz 6. Vertically Operated logistics operators as Maersk and Evergreen operate many terminals.